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cognitive neuroscience > the lesioned brain > Flashcards

the lesioned brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is TMS

A
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation

- a means of disrupting normal brain activity by introducing neural noise

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2
Q

how does TMS work

A
  • uses principle of electromagnetic induction
  • Faraday’s coil = principle of TMS
  • magnetic field must change rapidly
  • induces electric field in brain causing tissue current
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3
Q

why do TMS studies?

A

can see if brain region is critical for task

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4
Q

advantages of TMS

A
  • transient
  • reversible
  • interference/virtual lesion
  • control location and duration of stimulation
  • establishes causal link
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5
Q

TMS example study - Knecht et al (2002)

A
  • did TMS on 20 participants who were left or right dominant language authorisation
  • when dominant hemisphere stimulated slower at word-picture matching task (interfering)
  • when non-dominant hemisphere stimulated faster (dominant hemisphere has more resources)
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6
Q

why do a control task in TMS

A

as TMS coil is heavy and makes people apprehensive

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7
Q

what is TES

A
  • transcranial electrical stimulation
  • more of a modulation technique as electrical stimulation = low (1-2mA)
  • use battery
  • deliver current through 2 sponges - less focal than TMS
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8
Q

types of TES

A
  • transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
  • transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS)
  • transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
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9
Q

tDCS

A

current flows from anode to cathode

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10
Q

tACS

A

current flows from anode to cathode and back at preset frequency

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11
Q

TES when applied once vs repeatedly

A

applied once = not much behavioural change

applied repeatedly = changes in neuronal excitability - can lead to changes in brain wiring

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12
Q

anodal stimulation

A
  • faciliation effects
  • inhibits GABA
  • excitation
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13
Q

cathodal stimulation

A
  • inhibition effects
  • inhibits glutamate
  • inhibitory
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14
Q

tACS and syncronisation

A
  • applied to brain rhythms already in brain (measured by EEG)
  • can enhance certain brain frequencies
  • causes phase locking of a large pool of neurons - increases of neural synchronisation
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15
Q

tACS - lucid dreams

A

Voss et al (2014)

  • applied tACS for 2 mins in REM sleep
  • if applied at gamma frequency induced lucid dreams
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16
Q

TMS and TES

A
  • prominent effect on cognitive processes
  • cause after effects on excitability
  • alternative to drugs when combined with behavioural training
17
Q

classical neuropsychology

A

what functions are disrupted by damage to region X

- more intuitive

18
Q

neuropsychology

A

studying brain damaged patients to gain insight into the normal brain

19
Q

cognitive neuropsychology

A

can a particular function be spared/impaired relative to another cognitive function?
- what the building blocks of cognition are regardless of where

20
Q

which type of neuropsychology uses

  • group
  • and single case methods
A 
classical = group
cognitive = single
21
Q

types of strokes

A

ischemia - clot

hemorrhage - bleeding

22
Q

figure of ray drawing

A

neuropsychological test
for visuospatial ability
either copy or draw from memory

23
Q

single dissociation

A

patient is spared in one task and impaired in another

24
Q

classical single dissociation

A

normal range in spared task

25
Q

strong single dissociation

A

impaired in both but significantly more impaired in one

26
Q

double dissociation

A

2 or more single cases with complementary profiles

27
Q

classic single dissociation - patient CF

A
  • stroke
  • became left handed
  • omitted vowels
  • another patient made consonant errors
28
Q

strong single dissociation - semantic dementia and frontotemporal dementia

A
  • SD - more impaired in semantic tasks than others

- frontotemporal - more impaired in social than non-social tasks

29
Q

why - series of single case studies

A

cannot average together as same lesions may cause different effects

30
Q

can group patients for 3 reasons

A
  • syndrome
  • behavioural symptom
  • lesion location

cognitive neuroscience (9 decks)

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