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cognitive neuroscience > remembering brain 2 > Flashcards

remembering brain 2 Flashcards

1
Q

working memory

A

information currently in mind is manipulated

decision making and goal-directed behaviour relies on WM

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2
Q

Baddeley’s model of working memory components

A 
separate STM stores
central executive - controls slave systems
visuospatial sketchpad 
phonological loop - verbal 
episodic buffer - later addition
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3
Q

episodic buffer

A

later addition
slave system to central executive
retains episodic info from LTM for limited time - e.g., social rules

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4
Q

central executive

A

refreshes info in the stores and manipulates that info

in prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

phonological store brain region

A

parietal lobe

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6
Q

phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad are __ (independent/cooperative)

behavioural and brain scan evidence

A

independent

if do 2 tasks involved one = worse
verbal = left hemisphere
visuospatial = right hemisphere

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7
Q

digit span test

A

read back numbers
increase by 1
stop when 2 mistakes in a row

make harder - read out backwards

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8
Q

operation span

A 
maths equations between words
recall words 
dual task
predicts verbal abilities in reading comprehension 
- make harder - harder maths Qs
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9
Q

capacity of phonological STM

A

Milner (1956) - 5-9 items - chunking

other claim lower - around 4

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10
Q

why is chunking critisised

A

required LTM
less capacity for longer words - not chunking
span length = lower for phonologically similar words - capacity = based on phonological characteristics

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11
Q

factor which may limit span of verbal STM =

A

opportunity to rehearse

when hold word in mind and mouth irrelevant speech - WM capacity = lower

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12
Q

components of phonological loop

A

phonological store

rehearsal system

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13
Q

brain locations of components of phonological loop

A

phonological store = left supramarginal gyrus (inferior parietal lobe)

rehearsal system = broca’s areas (inferior frontal cortex)

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14
Q

models of visuospatial STM capacity

A

slot model

resource model

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15
Q

slot model

A

small number of memory slots

each responsible for storing a single visual object with fixed precision

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16
Q

resource model

A

no upper limit
additional items = less precise memory for the array

additional support over slot model

17
Q

Luck and Vogel - supporting slot model

A

Ps able to retain info for 4 objects

able to retain 16 individual features - provided distributed across the 4 objects

18
Q

bays, catalao and hussain - evidence for resource model

A

the more items held in memory the less precisely each could be recalled

19
Q

neural correlates of visuospatial STM

- face information

A

fusiform face area

20
Q

neural correlates of visuospatial STM

- place information

A

parahippocampal place area

21
Q

what happens to WM in delay period

A

even though info not visible - engaged brain regions that usually represent this info

22
Q

brain region with critical role in WM tasks

A

prefrontal cortex

23
Q

delay response task - PFC in WM

A

PFC lesions affect performance in retaining food location info
- no damage with associative memory task - specific to PFC

24
Q

response of PFC neurons

A

hold info in WM
sustained activation during delay period

same neurons active for different tasks

25
Q

interaction between PFC and posterior cortex

A

goal - remains in WM (PFC)

directs activation within posterior parts of brain to gain knowledge

26
Q

Petrides model - divisions of PFC

A

dorsal lateral PFC = manipulates info + monitors accuracy

ventral lateral PFC = maintenance of info - finds right representation in posterior brain for current goal

27
Q

modal model

A

sensory > STM > LTM

28
Q

neuropsychological evidence for separate STM and LTM

A

HM - damage to LTM/intact STM

KF - damage to STM/intact LTM

29
Q

unitary model of WM/STM - cowan model

A

WM is temporary activation of LTM

capacity limitations cannot be explained (interferences increases)

30
Q

cowan model - focus of attention

A

activates relevant portions of the LTM

some are more relevant to goal - enter focus of attention

31
Q

cog neuro evidence for cowan model

A

WM entails temporary activations in parts of the brain involved in LT storage

32
Q

role of PFC in LTM

A
  • maintenance and active control of info

- encoding and retrieval

33
Q

lateralisation of PFC encoding

A

encoding words or semantic materials = left PFC

encoding spatial info or faces = right PFC

34
Q

PFC and retrieval

A

PFC aids the organisation, selection, monitoring and evaluation of processing that occurs at retrieval

35
Q

PFC retrieval brain region

A

DLPFC

increased activity in free recall, recall vs recognition and low confidence judgement tests

36
Q

PFC free recall

A

PFC damage impacts free recall more than recognition
as PFC engaged in free recall via connection with MTL - strategic search of memory

recognition = search not required to same extent

37
Q

PFC source monitoring

A

PFC is involved in placing an event in context
requires active evaluation before able to access origin of memory
PFC damage = difficulty with this

38
Q

confabulating

A

damage in PFC

narratives that include false memories

cognitive neuroscience (9 decks)

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