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cognitive neuroscience > remembering brain > Flashcards

remembering brain Flashcards

1
Q

function-structure relationship

A

relationship between brain region and function = NOT 1 to 1

single function = many brain structures
brain structure = many functions

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2
Q

declarative memory brain region

A

medial temporal lobe

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3
Q

procedural memory brain area

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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4
Q

perceptual representation system brain area

A

perceptual and association neocortex

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5
Q

classical condition brain area

A

cerebellum

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6
Q

non-associative learning brain area

A

reflex pathways

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7
Q

episodic memory

A

mental time travel
create links between unrelated info to make an episode
time and place

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8
Q

episodic memory is the result of

A

associative learning

context of memory are associated and bound together

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9
Q

autobiographical memory contains

A

episodic and semantic memory

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10
Q

MTL areas

A 
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
- entorhinal cortex
- perihinal cortex
- parahippocampal cortex
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11
Q

hippocampus subdivided into

A 
dendate gyrus
subiculum 
cornu ammonis (CA)
- CA1 +3 = largest and studied more
- CA2+4 = smaller
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12
Q

info flow in MTL

A

sensory info converges in perihinal and parahippocampal cortex
> entorhinal cortex > hippocampus > entorhinal cortex + cortical areas of MTL

LOOP
info processed in all areas

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13
Q

extended MTL

A

thalamus and prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

HM deficit

A

couldn’t form new memories (anterograde amnesia)
couldn’t remember 2 years prior to surgery (retrograde amnesia)

deficit moving STM to LTM - bad at digit span test

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15
Q

HM could…

A

remember number if engaged WM and repeated it - good STM

improve at star tracing - intact implicit LTM

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16
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

deficit in learning new info

most common

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17
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

deficit in remember events before brain injury

18
Q

both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

A

global amnesia

19
Q

subsequent memory paradigm

A

evaluate how encoding leads to successful or unsuccessful memory formation
- record neural responses during encoding and recognition

20
Q

Wagner et al (1998) brain region predictive of later remembered vs forgotten items

A

left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

left medial temporal lobe

21
Q

types of recognition memory

A

familiarity

recollection

22
Q

familiarity

A

asked if object is old or new

no context

23
Q

recollection

A

can classify object as old by recollecting additional info about context or other associative info

24
Q

MTL in recognition memory - Eichenbaum et al

A

perihinal cortex = processes item representation = familiarity
parahippocampal cortex = processes context (scene perception)
hippocampus = binds items to context via entorhinal cortex = recollection

25
Q

Ranganath et al (2004) - recognition judgement and memory sourced decision in familarity and recollection

A

familiarity = high recognition judgement (there at encoding?), low memory sourced decision (which Q encoded with?)

recollection = high memory sourced decision

found activity in corresponding areas
familiarity - perihinal cortex
recollection - parahippocampal/hippocampus

26
Q

brain area supporting recollection of objects

A

hippocampus

27
Q

MTL regions supporting familiarity

objects, faces, scenes

A

perihinal cortex - objects
entorhinal cortex - objects and faces
parahippocampus - faces and scenes
amygdala - faces

28
Q

alzheimer’s disease rehabilitation

A

focus on familiarity
entorhinal cortex and hippocapus damage first
- difficulty with recall and spatial memory

29
Q

2 types of consolidation

A

synaptic

system

30
Q

synaptic consolidation

A

faster - hours-days
structural changes in synaptic connections
learning of new info = more likely to have an AP going from one neuron to next

31
Q

system consolidation

A

slower

denotes gradual shift from hippocampus to neocortical regions

32
Q

2 theories of memory consolidation

A
  • standard consolidation theory

- multiple trace theory

33
Q

standard consolidation theory

A

hippocampus = temporary role in storing remote memories - binds elements of an episode
reactivation of hippocampal memory - every time memory retrieved strengthens connection between hippocampus and neocortex and connections within neocortex
- eventually becomes independent of hippocampus

34
Q

Nestor et al (2002) demonstrating standard consolidation theory
- SD and AD

A 
SD = damage in neocortical
AD = damage in hippocampal
AD = recent memory impaired - relies on hippocampus
SD = distant memory impaired - relies on neocortex
35
Q

evidence from amnesia - standard consolidation theory

A 
anterograde = no new memories as hippocampus damaged
retrograde = older memories - neocortex (not affected) - recent memories - hippocampus - not consolidated (affected)
36
Q

multiple trace theory

A

Nadel and Moscovitch (1997, 1998)
hippocampus never stops having an important role
older memories become more semantic like - transforming not transferring (no episodic detail)
- so following hippocampal damage - can be recalled without episodic detail

37
Q

Ribot’s law

A

memory loss has a temporal gradient
more recent memories more likely to be lost than distant memories
in line with consolidation - distant memories undergone consolidation
HM and PZ show this

38
Q

multiple trace theory explanation of temporal gradient

A

older memories reactived more times - causes new traces in hippocampus, MTL + neocortex
extent of damage isnt global so more likely to be preserved as more connections

39
Q

evidence for multiple trace theory - fMRI pictures of personal experinces

A

Hippocampus was activated for remote and recent memories

degree of hippocampal activation was proportional to vividness of memory

40
Q

spatial memory

A

hippocampus
food-storing birds = bigger hippocampus
london taxi drivers = bigger hippocampus
rats with no hippocampus = cant do water-maze to find platform

41
Q

spatial memory cells

A

place cells - hippocampus
grid cells - entorhinal cortex
boundary cells - entorhinal cortex

cognitive neuroscience (9 decks)

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