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cognitive neuroscience > neural basis of reading > Flashcards

neural basis of reading Flashcards

1
Q

writing system can be described in 2 dimensions

A

alphabetic vs logographic

transparent vs opaque orthography

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2
Q

transparent orthograph

A

1 to 1 mapping
each symbol = same sound
e.g., Italian and Kana

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3
Q

opaque orthography

A

no strict ways of saying each letter

e.g., English

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4
Q

Toy model steps

A

1) identify visual features
2) recognise as a letter
3) recognise word
4) know semantic meaning of word

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5
Q

is reaction time faster and more accurate for words or pseudowords

A

words

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6
Q

Support for toy model - Hulk et al (2006)

A 
Ps asked word or non-word (lexical decision)
ERPs calculated difference 
orthographic structure - 90ms
word frequency - 110ms
semantic coherence - 160ms
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7
Q

evidence against toy model

A

if was correct - would expect word recognition time to increase as word length increases - not the case

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8
Q

word superiority effect

A

can read words even when partially covered
top-down contributions
some knowledge of words stored (psychology = visual lexicon, neuroscience = visual word form area)

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9
Q

Monscieur C

A

stroke in fusiform area (Visual word form area)

could see letters but not recognise words

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10
Q

Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) - connections or more?

A

originally considered to be connections of neural fibres carrying info to and from occipital cortex
now considered more than just connections as strokes near by to not cause alexia - which they would if just connections
instead= specific part of word processing

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11
Q

Visual word form brain area

A

fusiform area

left occipital temporal ventral area

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12
Q

if VWFA only on left hemisphere

A

YES
Cohen et al (2002)
- presented visual stimuli to different hemifields (words, consonant strings and checkerboard)
- stimuli activated opposite visual cortex
- words activated left VWFA regardless of hemifield

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13
Q

split brain patients can’t process words in which hemisphere

A

LEFT

  • when presented in right hemifield - left hemisphere can pass info to VWFA
  • when presented in left hemidield - right hemisphere can pass info to VWFA
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14
Q

new name for VWFA

A

Prince and Delwin (2003)

  • also active in naming objects, colours and pictures and when blind people read braille
  • left ventral occipital area
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15
Q

VWFA - hierarchial progressive feature analysis

A

strongest > whole word forms > letter patterns > low- level features

explains why may be involved in other things
imagine visual word when name it?

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16
Q

pure alexia

A

damage to visual word form area

  • word blindness
  • can’t recognise words
  • reading time directly proportional to length of word
  • longer to recognise a and A as same letter
17
Q

attentional dyslexia

A

damage to parietal lobe - involved in visuospatial attention

  • difficulty separating constituent letters and words
  • o = easier than bottle, bottle = easier than sentence
  • letter migration error (Win Fed > Fin Fed) - can’t suppress
  • intrusion of distractors - everything blurred
  • attentional filter deficit - can’t suppress distractors
18
Q

neglect dyslexia

A

damage to parietal lobe - involved in visuo-spatial attention

  • letter substitution errors on one side - contralateral to lesion
  • ignore one half of word - (Clock > block)
  • spatial reference deficit
19
Q

which dyslexia affects VWFA

A

pure alexia

20
Q

which dyslexia affects visuo-spatial attention

A

attentional and neglect

21
Q

peripheral dyslexia

A

difficulties in visual system rather than reading

- pure alexia, attentional dyslexia, neglect dyslexia

22
Q

surface dyslexia

A

damage to pronunciation

  • can read regular and non-words fine - difficulty with irregular
  • problems with phonological or lexicon knowledge
  • better with high frequency irregular words - but still bad
  • damage to temporal lobe (speech processing takes place and phonological lexicon located)
23
Q

phonological dyslexia

A

damage to GTP converter

  • damage to posterior part of temporal lobe
  • can read regular and irregular words better than non-words
  • can’t do 1 to 1 mapping of letter to sound = no knowledge to help read non-words
  • difficulty with rhyme judgement
  • perceive words fine
24
Q

deep dyslexia

A

damage to semantic memory and GTP converter

  • can read regular and irregular words better than non-words
  • semantic errors - say dog when read cat
  • derivational errors - change verbs to nouns
  • better at reading concrete than abstract nouns - semantic error
  • damage to temporal lobe - especially anterior part (where semantic memory = stored)
25
Q

dyslexia affecting access pronunciation

A

surface

26
Q

dyslexia affecting semantic memory

A

deep

27
Q

dyslexia affecting grapheme to phoneme converter

A

phonological and deep

28
Q

central dyslexia

A

damage to pronunciation storage or motor/semantic system

- surface, phonological and deep dyslexia

29
Q

grapheme-to-phoneme converter

A

system where letters are mapped directly onto how you read them
- posterior part of temporal lobe

30
Q

visuo-spatial attention location

A

parietal lobe

31
Q

pronunciation/phonological lexicon location

A

temporal lobe

32
Q

semantic memory location

A

anterior temporal lobe

33
Q

dual route model of reading aloud

A

lexico-semantic route

phonological route

34
Q

lexico-semantic route

A 
visuo-spatial attention
visual features and letter
VWFA
semantic memory
phonological lexicon
read aloud
35
Q

phonological route

A 
dont have to understand - just map sound (can't do in English - irregular words)
visuo-spatial attention
visual features and letters
grepheme to phoneme conversion
read aloud
36
Q

3rd route?

A

some patients can read words but have impaired semantic and non-word reading

cognitive neuroscience (9 decks)

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