The knee, leg, ankle, and foot (B)

Question 1

Describe the arrangement of muscles in the sole of the foot.

Answer 1

There are 4 layers of muscles

Question 2

Describe the arrangement of muscles in the dorsum of the foot.

Answer 2

There are 2 muscles

Question 3

Which nerve supplies extensor digitorum brevis?

Answer 3

Deep peroneal nerve

Question 4

Which nerves supply the majority of intrinsic foot muscles?

Answer 4

The tibial nerve via the medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 5

Which muscles are found in layer 1 of the sole?

Answer 5

Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevis

Question 6

Which muscles are found in layer 2 of the sole?

Answer 6

Lumbricals

Quadratus plantae

Question 7

Which muscles are found in layer 3 of the sole?

Answer 7

Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor hallucis

Question 8

Which muscles are found in layer 4 of the sole?

Answer 8

plantar interossei

Dorsal interossei

Question 9

Which tendon are the lumbricals and quadratus plantae attached to?

Answer 9

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Question 10

What are the two muscles on the dorsal surface of the foot?

Answer 10

Extensor hallucis brevis

Extensor digitorum brevis

Question 11

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 11

Superior lateral – biceps femoris
Superior medial – semimembranosus 
Inferior – medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
Floor – femur 
Roof – skin and fascia

Question 12

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 12

Popliteal artery and vein
Common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve
Short saphenous vein
Popliteal lymph nodes

Question 13

Where does the short saphenous vein drain?

Answer 13

Into the popliteal vein

Question 14

What does the sural nerve come off?

Name a use of this nerve

Answer 14

It is formed from a branch of the tibial nerve (medial cutaneous sural nerve) and a smaller branch of the common peroneal nerve (sural communicating branch)
Can be used in nerve repair

Question 15

What type of joint is the knee?

Answer 15

Synovial hinge joint

Question 16

What part of the femur does the patella articulate with?

Answer 16

Intercondylar region of the femur

Question 17

What are the two articulations between the femur and the tibia?

Answer 17

Medial and lateral femorotibial articulations

Question 18

Which sides of the intercondylar fossa do the cruciate ligaments attach to?

Answer 18

Anterior cruciate – lateral

Posterior cruciate – medial

Question 19

What is the main difference between the medial and lateral menisci?

Answer 19

The medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus
The lateral meniscus is separate to the lateral collateral ligament

Question 20

Name the bursae that are found around the knee.

Answer 20

Pre-patellar bursa

Popliteal bursa

Question 21

What is the main difference between the proximal tibiofibular joint and the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 21

Proximal tibiofibular – synovial joint
Distal tibiofibular – fibrous joint
NOTE: they both move slightly during dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot

Question 22

Which ligaments are most commonly damaged in the ankle?

Answer 22

Most commonly damaged by over-inversion
Lateral ligaments:
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular 
Calcaneofibular

Question 23

Name a broad ligament on the medial side of the ankle that is rarely damaged.

Answer 23

Deltoid Ligament

aka tibiocalcaneal ligament. This is rarely damaged probably because its quite tough

Question 24

What larger joint is the talo-calcaneonavicular joint a part of?

Answer 24

Transverse tarsal joint (aka mid-tarsal joint)

Question 25

What are the three arches of the foot?

Answer 25

Lateral longitudinal arch Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch

Question 26

What structures help maintain these arches?

Answer 26

Ligaments and long tendons

Question 27

Which vessel do the circumflex femoral arteries come from?

Answer 27

Profunda femoris

Question 28

What is the popliteal trifurcation?

Answer 28

Division of the popliteal artery into the: Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Peroneal artery

Question 29

What are the two main arteries of the foot and which parts of the foot do they supply?

Answer 29

``` Dorsalis pedis (from ATA) – dorsal part of the foot and digits Posterior tibial artery – sole of the foot (via the medial and lateral plantar arteries) ``` NB tibial nerve splits into medial and lateral plantar nerves too

Question 30

What does the anterior tibial artery have to go through to access the anterior compartment?

Answer 30

Interosseous membrane

Question 31

What is the arch shaped artery on the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 31

Arcuate artery

Question 32

Which small arteries supply the digits?

Answer 32

Dorsal and plantar digital arteries

Question 33

What are the main superficial veins draining the foot and leg?

Answer 33

Long saphenous vein (from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch, going the medial malleolus and along the medial side of the leg and thigh and drains into the femoral vein) Short saphenous vein (from the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch, going behind the lateral malleolus)

Question 34

Where does the great saphenous vein drain?

Answer 34

It passes along the medial side of the leg and it drains into the femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction

Question 35

Where does the short saphenous vein drain?

Answer 35

It drains into the popliteal vein

Question 36

``` State the motor nerve supply for: Hip Flexors Hip Extensors Knee Extensors Knee Flexors Ankle Dorsiflexors Ankle Plantarflexors ```

Answer 36

``` Hip Flexors: L23 Hip Extensors: L45 Knee Extensors: L34 Knee Flexors: L5S1 Ankle Dorsiflexors: L45 Ankle Plantarflexors: S12 ```

Question 37

What is a good way of remembering some of the sensory segmental supply?

Answer 37

L3 to the knee L4 to the floor L5 to the great toe S1 to the lateral side and sole of the foot

Question 38

What does the tibial nerve divide into is it passes behind the medial malleolus?

Answer 38

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 39

The tibial nerve supplies all intrinsic foot muscles except one. Name this muscle.

Answer 39

Extensor digitorum brevis

Question 40

What is the sural nerve made up of?

Answer 40

A branch of the tibial nerve (medial sural cutaneous nerve) and a smaller branch of the common peroneal nerve (sural communicating branch) NOTE: it can be used in nerve repair