The knee, leg, ankle, and foot (A)

Question 1

What is the small protrusion in the middle of the tibial plateau called?

Answer 1

Intercondylar eminence

Question 2

What inserts into the tibial tuberosity?

Answer 2

Patellar tendon

Question 3

Which bone in the leg does not bear any weight?

Answer 3

Fibula (The tibial plateau of tibia is one of the most critical loadbearing areas in the human body)

Question 4

What protrusions in the ankle do the distal ends of the tibia and fibula form?

Answer 4

Tibia – medial malleolus

Fibula – lateral malleolus

Question 5

What is the name of the ridge running obliquely down the posterior surface of the tibia?

Answer 5

Soleal line 
origins for multiple muscles including: 
soleus
popliteus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

Question 6

Name all the tarsal bones.

Answer 6

Tallus (ankle)
Calcaneus (chalk/limestone)
Navicular (boat shaped)
Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral) (wedge)
Cuboid  

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Question 7

What are the two main joints in the foot and where do they lie?

Answer 7

Transverse tarsal joint (between calcaneus + tallus and navicular + cuboid)
Tarsometatarsal joint (between the most distal tarsal bones and the metatarsals)

Question 8

How many phalanges does each of the digits have?

Answer 8

Big toe – 2

All other toes - 3

Question 9

Where are sesamoid bones found in the foot and which tendon do these bones lie in?

Answer 9

On the plantar surface of the foot, beneath the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe
It lies in the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis

Question 10

Which tarsal bones have tuberosities?

Answer 10

Navicular and Cuboid

Question 11

What are the three arches that are formed when the bones of the foot fit together?

Answer 11

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches

Transverse arches

Question 12

Which bones make up the forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot?

Answer 12

Hindfoot – calcaneus and tallus
Midfoot – cuboid, navicular and cuneiforms
Forefoot – metatarsals and phalanges

Question 13

Which muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh do not act across the knee?

Answer 13

Iliopsoas and Pectineus

Question 14

Which muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh acts across the knee?

Answer 14

Gracilis

Question 15

Describe the arrangement of the three hamstrings.

Answer 15

Biceps femoris lies more laterally (its short head comes from the lateral lip of the linea aspera) and inserts into fibula
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus are more medial and insert into the tibia

Question 16

What movement is the anterior compartment of the leg responsible for?

Answer 16

Dorsiflexion of the ankle

extension of digits

Question 17

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment?

Answer 17

Deep peroneal nerve

Question 18

Which artery supplies the anterior compartment?

Answer 18

Anterior tibial artery

Question 19

Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment?

Answer 19

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

Question 20

Describe the structure and attachment of tibialis anterior.

Answer 20

Lateral surface of the head of the tibia and travels medially
Goes in front of the medial malleolus
Attaches to the medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal

Question 21

What are the names of the two extensor retinacula in the foot?

Answer 21

Superior extensor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinaculum

A retinaculum refers to any region on the body in which tendon groups from different muscles pass under one connective tissue band.

Question 22

Which muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 22

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

Question 23

What movement is the lateral compartment responsible for?

Answer 23

Eversion of the foot

Question 24

Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment?

Answer 24

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 25

Which artery supplies the lateral compartment?

Answer 25

Peroneal artery

Question 26

Describe the structure and attachments of the two muscles in the lateral compartment.

Answer 26

Both the muscles attach to the shaft of the fibula and run along the lateral side of the leg, behind the lateral malleolus and then:
Brevis – attaches to the base of the 5th metatarsal
Longus – attaches to 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (same as tibialis anterior)

Question 27

Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 27

Superficial:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

Deep:
Flexor digitorum longus 
Flexor hallucis longus 
Tibialis posterior
Popliteus

Question 28

What movement is the posterior compartment of the leg responsible for?

Answer 28

Plantarflexion of the ankle
Flexion of the digits
inversion

Question 29

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment?

Answer 29

Tibial nerve

Question 30

Which artery supplies the posterior compartment?

Answer 30

Posterior tibial artery

Question 31

What are the proximal attachments of gastrocnemius?

Answer 31

It attaches to the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

Question 32

Which of the superficial posterior compartment muscles does not cross the knee?

Answer 32

Soleus

Question 33

Describe the distal attachment of gastrocnemius and soleus.

Answer 33

Gastrocnemius (2 heads) and soleus (1 head) fibres come together to form the triceps surae muscle which then gives off one tendon – Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon) which attaches to the calcaneus

Question 34

What is the collective term given to the gastrocnemius and soleus?

Answer 34

Triceps surae

Question 35

Describe the attachments of popliteus and explain the importance of this muscle.

Answer 35

Popliteus goes from the lateral condyle of the femur to the posterior surface of the tibia (near the soleal line)
It is important in unlocking the knee when it needs to be flexed

The knee is locked by medially rotating the femur on the tibial plateau and so the popliteus laterally rotates the femur to unlock it so that it can flex

Question 36

Describe the positions of the long tendons relative to the medial malleolus.

Answer 36

They pass behind the medial malleolus