The knee, leg, ankle, and foot (A) Flashcards
What is the small protrusion in the middle of the tibial plateau called?
Intercondylar eminence
What inserts into the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar tendon
Which bone in the leg does not bear any weight?
Fibula (The tibial plateau of tibia is one of the most critical loadbearing areas in the human body)
What protrusions in the ankle do the distal ends of the tibia and fibula form?
Tibia – medial malleolus
Fibula – lateral malleolus
What is the name of the ridge running obliquely down the posterior surface of the tibia?
Soleal line origins for multiple muscles including: soleus popliteus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior
Name all the tarsal bones.
Tallus (ankle) Calcaneus (chalk/limestone) Navicular (boat shaped) Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral) (wedge) Cuboid
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What are the two main joints in the foot and where do they lie?
Transverse tarsal joint (between calcaneus + tallus and navicular + cuboid) Tarsometatarsal joint (between the most distal tarsal bones and the metatarsals)
How many phalanges does each of the digits have?
Big toe – 2
All other toes - 3
Where are sesamoid bones found in the foot and which tendon do these bones lie in?
On the plantar surface of the foot, beneath the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe
It lies in the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis
Which tarsal bones have tuberosities?
Navicular and Cuboid
What are the three arches that are formed when the bones of the foot fit together?
Medial and lateral longitudinal arches
Transverse arches
Which bones make up the forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot?
Hindfoot – calcaneus and tallus
Midfoot – cuboid, navicular and cuneiforms
Forefoot – metatarsals and phalanges
Which muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh do not act across the knee?
Iliopsoas and Pectineus
Which muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh acts across the knee?
Gracilis
Describe the arrangement of the three hamstrings.
Biceps femoris lies more laterally (its short head comes from the lateral lip of the linea aspera) and inserts into fibula
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus are more medial and insert into the tibia
What movement is the anterior compartment of the leg responsible for?
Dorsiflexion of the ankle
extension of digits
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment?
Deep peroneal nerve
Which artery supplies the anterior compartment?
Anterior tibial artery
Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment?
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Describe the structure and attachment of tibialis anterior.
Lateral surface of the head of the tibia and travels medially
Goes in front of the medial malleolus
Attaches to the medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal
What are the names of the two extensor retinacula in the foot?
Superior extensor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinaculum
A retinaculum refers to any region on the body in which tendon groups from different muscles pass under one connective tissue band.
Which muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
What movement is the lateral compartment responsible for?
Eversion of the foot
Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment?
Superficial peroneal nerve
Which artery supplies the lateral compartment?
Peroneal artery
Describe the structure and attachments of the two muscles in the lateral compartment.
Both the muscles attach to the shaft of the fibula and run along the lateral side of the leg, behind the lateral malleolus and then:
Brevis – attaches to the base of the 5th metatarsal
Longus – attaches to 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (same as tibialis anterior)
Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Superficial:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Deep: Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior Popliteus
What movement is the posterior compartment of the leg responsible for?
Plantarflexion of the ankle
Flexion of the digits
inversion
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment?
Tibial nerve
Which artery supplies the posterior compartment?
Posterior tibial artery
What are the proximal attachments of gastrocnemius?
It attaches to the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Which of the superficial posterior compartment muscles does not cross the knee?
Soleus
Describe the distal attachment of gastrocnemius and soleus.
Gastrocnemius (2 heads) and soleus (1 head) fibres come together to form the triceps surae muscle which then gives off one tendon – Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon) which attaches to the calcaneus
What is the collective term given to the gastrocnemius and soleus?
Triceps surae
Describe the attachments of popliteus and explain the importance of this muscle.
Popliteus goes from the lateral condyle of the femur to the posterior surface of the tibia (near the soleal line)
It is important in unlocking the knee when it needs to be flexed
The knee is locked by medially rotating the femur on the tibial plateau and so the popliteus laterally rotates the femur to unlock it so that it can flex
Describe the positions of the long tendons relative to the medial malleolus.
They pass behind the medial malleolus
