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Functional Anatomy > The Knee > Flashcards

The Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the knee?

A

• Support body weight

• Transmit forces between femur and tibia

• Provide movement for locomotion and activities of daily living

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2
Q

What is the structural classification of the knee?

A

Synovial

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3
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Femoral condyles and tibial articular surfaces

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4
Q

What are the functions of the two menisci on top of the tibial articular surfaces?

A

• Increases congruence between articular surfaces

• Assist weight bearing across joint

• Shock absorption

• Facilitate accessory movements

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5
Q

What are the four major ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

• Medial collateral ligament

• Lateral collateral ligament

• Anterior cruciate ligament

• Posterior cruciate ligament

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6
Q

What are the properties of the medial collateral ligament?

A

• Broad

• Extra-capsular

• Prevents valgus displacement (abnormal abduction)

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7
Q

What are the properties of the lateral collateral ligament?

A

• Strong cord

• Extra-capsular

• Prevents varus displacement (abnormal adduction)

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8
Q

What are the properties of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

• Intra-capsular

• From anterior intercondylar area of tibia to lateral femoral condyles (goes in same direction as hands in pockets)

• Prevents anterior tibial displacement

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9
Q

What are the properties of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

• Intra-capsular

• From posterior intercondylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle (PCL goes opposite direction as hands in pockets)

• Prevents posterior tibial displacement

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10
Q

What is the structural classification of the patellofemoral joint?

A

Saddle joint (synovial)

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11
Q

What is the structural classification of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Bicondylar (synovial)

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12
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint?

A

Articular surface of patella and patellar surface of femur

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13
Q

What are the functions of the patella?

A

• Acts as an anatomical pulley

• Reduces friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles

• Moves proximally in extension and distally in flexion

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14
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid (embedded in a tendon)

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15
Q

What are the ranges of motion of the knee?

A

• Flexion 0-140º

• Medial (internal) rotation 0-25º

• Lateral (external) rotation 0-40º

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16
Q

What are the knee extensors?

A

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus intermedius

• Vastus medialis

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17
Q

Where is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine) and groove (posterior) above the acetabulum

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18
Q

Where does rectus femoris insert?

A

Superior aspect of the patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

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19
Q

What are the actions of rectus femoris?

A

Knee extension, hip flexion and anterior pelvic rotation

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20
Q

What nerve innervates all four heads of the quadriceps?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

21
Q

Where is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A

Intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, upper half of linea aspera and entire lateral intermuscular septum

22
Q

Where is the insertion of vastus lateralis?

A

Lateral border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

23
Q

What is the action of vastus lateralis?

A

Knee extension

24
Q

Where is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A

Upper two-third of anterior surface of femur

25
Where is the insertion of vastus intermedius?
Upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity
26
What is the action of vastus intermedius?
Knee extension
27
Where is the origin of vastus medialis?
Whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge
28
Where is the insertion of vastus medialis?
Medial half of upper border of patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity
29
What is the action of vastus medialis?
Knee extension
30
What are the knee flexors?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus
31
Where is the origin of biceps femoris?
• Long head: ischial tuberosity • Short head: lower half of the linea aspera and lateral condyloid ridge
32
What are the actions of biceps femoris?
Knee flexion, hip extension, posterior pelvic rotation, knee external rotation and hip external rotation
33
What nerve innervates biceps femoris?
• Long head: sciatic nerve (tibial division - S1-S3) • Short head: sciatic nerve (fibulae division - L5, S1, S2)
34
Where is the origin of popliteus?
Posterior surface of lateral condyle of the femur
35
Where is the insertion of popliteus?
Upper posterior medial surface of tibia
36
What are the actions of popliteus?
Knee internal rotation (as it flexes), knee flexion
37
Where is the origin of semimembranosus?
Ischial tuberosity
38
Where is the insertion of semimembranosus?
Postero-medial surface of the medial tibial condyle
39
What are the actions of semimembranosus?
Hip extension, knee flexion, posterior pelvic rotation, hip internal rotation and knee internal rotation
40
Where is the origin of semitendinosus?
Ischial tuberosity
41
Where is the insertion of semitendinosus?
Upper anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle
42
What are the functions of semitendinosus?
Hip extension, knee flexion, posterior pelvic rotation, hip internal rotation and knee internal rotation
43
What nerve innervates popliteus?
Tibial nerve (L5, S1)
44
What nerve innervates semimembranosus and semitendinosus?
Sciatic nerve (tibial division - L5, S1, S2)
45
Which direction do the roll and glide occur in when a convex joint surface is moving?
Opposite directions
46
Which direction do the roll and glide occur in when a concave joint surface is moving?
The same direction
47
What causes the screw home mechanism?
• Shape of the femoral condyles (medial surface is longer so lateral surface acts as an axis of rotation) • Tension in the ACL • Different pull of the quadriceps muscles
48
What is passive insufficiency?
When a muscle is lengthened to its full extent but limits full movement at one or more of the joints it crosses
49
What is active insufficiency?
• Decreased tension and inability to generate force in a muscle at one joint when it is maximally contracted at the other • Unavailability of further actin binding sites when filaments fully overlapping prevents muscle generating active tension

Functional Anatomy (6 decks)

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