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Functional Anatomy > The Knee > Flashcards

The Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the knee?

A

• Support body weight

• Transmit forces between femur and tibia

• Provide movement for locomotion and activities of daily living

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2
Q

What is the structural classification of the knee?

A

Synovial

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3
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Femoral condyles and tibial articular surfaces

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4
Q

What are the functions of the two menisci on top of the tibial articular surfaces?

A

• Increases congruence between articular surfaces

• Assist weight bearing across joint

• Shock absorption

• Facilitate accessory movements

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5
Q

What are the four major ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

• Medial collateral ligament

• Lateral collateral ligament

• Anterior cruciate ligament

• Posterior cruciate ligament

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6
Q

What are the properties of the medial collateral ligament?

A

• Broad

• Extra-capsular

• Prevents valgus displacement (abnormal abduction)

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7
Q

What are the properties of the lateral collateral ligament?

A

• Strong cord

• Extra-capsular

• Prevents varus displacement (abnormal adduction)

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8
Q

What are the properties of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

• Intra-capsular

• From anterior intercondylar area of tibia to lateral femoral condyles (goes in same direction as hands in pockets)

• Prevents anterior tibial displacement

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9
Q

What are the properties of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

• Intra-capsular

• From posterior intercondylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle (PCL goes opposite direction as hands in pockets)

• Prevents posterior tibial displacement

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10
Q

What is the structural classification of the patellofemoral joint?

A

Saddle joint (synovial)

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11
Q

What is the structural classification of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Bicondylar (synovial)

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12
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint?

A

Articular surface of patella and patellar surface of femur

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13
Q

What are the functions of the patella?

A

• Acts as an anatomical pulley

• Reduces friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles

• Moves proximally in extension and distally in flexion

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14
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid (embedded in a tendon)

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15
Q

What are the ranges of motion of the knee?

A

• Flexion 0-140º

• Medial (internal) rotation 0-25º

• Lateral (external) rotation 0-40º

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16
Q

What are the knee extensors?

A

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus intermedius

• Vastus medialis

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17
Q

Where is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine) and groove (posterior) above the acetabulum

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18
Q

Where does rectus femoris insert?

A

Superior aspect of the patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

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19
Q

What are the actions of rectus femoris?

A

Knee extension, hip flexion and anterior pelvic rotation

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20
Q

What nerve innervates all four heads of the quadriceps?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

21
Q

Where is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A

Intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, upper half of linea aspera and entire lateral intermuscular septum

22
Q

Where is the insertion of vastus lateralis?

A

Lateral border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

23
Q

What is the action of vastus lateralis?

A

Knee extension

24
Q

Where is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A

Upper two-third of anterior surface of femur

25
Q

Where is the insertion of vastus intermedius?

A

Upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

26
Q

What is the action of vastus intermedius?

A

Knee extension

27
Q

Where is the origin of vastus medialis?

A

Whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge

28
Q

Where is the insertion of vastus medialis?

A

Medial half of upper border of patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

29
Q

What is the action of vastus medialis?

A

Knee extension

30
Q

What are the knee flexors?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus

31
Q

Where is the origin of biceps femoris?

A

• Long head: ischial tuberosity

• Short head: lower half of the linea aspera and lateral condyloid ridge

32
Q

What are the actions of biceps femoris?

A

Knee flexion, hip extension, posterior pelvic rotation, knee external rotation and hip external rotation

33
Q

What nerve innervates biceps femoris?

A

• Long head: sciatic nerve (tibial division - S1-S3)

• Short head: sciatic nerve (fibulae division - L5, S1, S2)

34
Q

Where is the origin of popliteus?

A

Posterior surface of lateral condyle of the femur

35
Q

Where is the insertion of popliteus?

A

Upper posterior medial surface of tibia

36
Q

What are the actions of popliteus?

A

Knee internal rotation (as it flexes), knee flexion

37
Q

Where is the origin of semimembranosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

38
Q

Where is the insertion of semimembranosus?

A

Postero-medial surface of the medial tibial condyle

39
Q

What are the actions of semimembranosus?

A

Hip extension, knee flexion, posterior pelvic rotation, hip internal rotation and knee internal rotation

40
Q

Where is the origin of semitendinosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

41
Q

Where is the insertion of semitendinosus?

A

Upper anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle

42
Q

What are the functions of semitendinosus?

A

Hip extension, knee flexion, posterior pelvic rotation, hip internal rotation and knee internal rotation

43
Q

What nerve innervates popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve (L5, S1)

44
Q

What nerve innervates semimembranosus and semitendinosus?

A

Sciatic nerve (tibial division - L5, S1, S2)

45
Q

Which direction do the roll and glide occur in when a convex joint surface is moving?

A

Opposite directions

46
Q

Which direction do the roll and glide occur in when a concave joint surface is moving?

A

The same direction

47
Q

What causes the screw home mechanism?

A

• Shape of the femoral condyles (medial surface is longer so lateral surface acts as an axis of rotation)

• Tension in the ACL

• Different pull of the quadriceps muscles

48
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

When a muscle is lengthened to its full extent but limits full movement at one or more of the joints it crosses

49
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

• Decreased tension and inability to generate force in a muscle at one joint when it is maximally contracted at the other

• Unavailability of further actin binding sites when filaments fully overlapping prevents muscle generating active tension

Functional Anatomy (6 decks)

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