The Ankle And Foot Flashcards by Bryce Rodgers

What are the functions of the foot?

• Base of support

• Adapt to uneven surfaces

• Shock absorber

• Propulsion

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What are the three arches of the foot?

• Medial arch

• Lateral arch

• Anterior transverse arch

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What are the properties of the medial arch?

• Highest arch

• No contact with ground

• Extremely flexible

• Made of 5 bones (calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform and first metatarsal)

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What are the properties of the lateral arch?

• Flatter than medial arch

• In contact with the ground

• More rigid than medial arch

• Made of 3 bones (calcaneus, cuboid and fifth metatarsal)

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What are the properties of the anterior transverse arch?

• Relatively flat

• Contacts ground

• Formed by heads of the 5 metatarsals

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What is the area supported by 3 arches called?

Plantar vault

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Where does the plantar vault contact?

• Head of metatarsal 1

• Head of metatarsal 5

• Calcaneal tuberosity

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What stabilises the arches of the foot?

• Short ligaments connecting adjacent bones (e.g. metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments)

• Long soft tissues spanning the length of the arch (e.g. plantar fascia)

• Suspension/sling (e.g. peroneus longus raises lateral arch)

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What are the four phases in walking?

• Heel strike
◦ Weight is through calcaneus
◦ Arches are raised
• Stance phase
◦ Vault is flattened (shock absorption)
◦ Muscles contract to stop further flattening (plantar tighteners)
• Heel off
◦ Plantar tighteners contract further
◦ Foot now a rigid lever - caught between two forces (body weight and plantar flexors)
• Toe off
◦ As big toe extends, plantar fascia tightens, reinforcing medial arch (windlass mechanism)

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Where do movements of the hind foot occur?

Subtalar joint

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Where do movements of the forefoot occur?

Midtarsal/transverse tarsal joint (made of two joints: talonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint)

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What is the term for transferring weight medially?

Pronation

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What is the term for transferring weight laterally?

Supination

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Where is the origin of gastrocnemius?

• Medial head: posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle

• Lateral head: posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle

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Where is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

Posterior surface of the calcaneus (Achilles tendon)

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What are the actions of gastrocnemius?

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

• Flexion of the knee

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Where is the origin of soleus?

Posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal two-thirds of the posterior tibial surface

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Where is the insertion of soleus?

Posterior surface of the calcaneus (Achilles tendon)

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What is the action of soleus?

Plantar flexion of the ankle

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What nerve innervates gastrocnemius and soleus?

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

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Where is the origin of tibialis posterior?

Posterior surface of the upper half of the interosseus membrane and the adjacent surfaces of the tibia and fibula

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Where is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

Inferior surfaces of the navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid bones and bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones

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What are the functions of tibialis posterior?

• Inversion of the foot

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

Where is the origin of flexor digitorum longus?

Middle one-third of the posterior surface of the tibia

Where is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus?

Base of the distal phalanx of each of the four lesser toes

What are the actions of flexor digitorum longus?

• Flexion of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints • Plantar flexion of the ankle • Inversion of the foot

Where is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?

Middle two-third of the posterior surface of the fibula

Where is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?

Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallucis); plantar surface

What are the actions of flexor hallucis longus?

• Flexion of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints • Plantar flexion of the ankle • Inversion of the foot

What nerve innervates tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus?

Tibial nerve (L5, S1)

What nerve innervates flexor hallucis longus?

Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Where is the origin of fibularis longus?

Head and upper two-third of the lateral surface of the fibula

Where is the insertion of fibularis longus?

Undersurfaces of the medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bone

What are the actions of fibularis longus?

• Eversion of the foot • Plantar flexion of the ankle

Where is the origin of fibularis brevis?

Mid to lower two-third of the lateral surface of the fibula

Where is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone

What are the actions of fibularis brevis?

• Eversion of the foot • Plantar flexion of the ankle

Where is the origin of fibularis tertius?

Distal one-third of the anterior fibula

Where is the insertion of fibularis tertius?

Superior aspect of the base of the 5th metatarsal

What are the actions of fibularis tertius?

• Dorsiflexion of the ankle • Eversion of the foot

Where is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?

Lateral condyle of the tibia, head of the fibula, and upper two-third of the anterior surface of the fibula

Where is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?

Tops of the middle and distal phalanges of the four lesser toes

What are the actions of extensor digitorum longus?

• Extension of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints • Dorsiflexion of the ankle • Eversion of the foot

Where is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?

Middle two-third of the medial surface of the anterior fibula

Where is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus?

Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

What are the actions of extensor hallucis longus?

• Extension of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints • Dorsiflexion of the ankle • Weak inversion of the foot

Where is the origin of tibialis anterior?

Upper two-third of the lateral surface of the tibia

Where is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

Inner surface of the medial cuneiform and the base of the 1st metatarsal bone

What are the actions of tibialis anterior?

• Dorsiflexion of the ankle • Inversion of the foot

What nerve innervates fibularis longus and fibularis brevis?

Superficial fibular nerve (L4, L5, S1)

What nerve innervates fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior?

Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5, S1)

What muscles are found in the superficial posterior compartment?

• Gastrocnemius • Soleus

What muscles are found in the deep posterior compartment?

• Tibialis posterior • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallucis longus

What muscles are found in the lateral compartment?

• Fibularis longus • Fibularis brevis

What muscles are found in the anterior compartment?

• Fibularis tertius • Extensor digitorum longus • Extensor hallucis longus • Tibialis anterior