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Functional Anatomy > The Ankle And Foot > Flashcards

The Ankle And Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the foot?

A

• Base of support

• Adapt to uneven surfaces

• Shock absorber

• Propulsion

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2
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

• Medial arch

• Lateral arch

• Anterior transverse arch

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3
Q

What are the properties of the medial arch?

A

• Highest arch

• No contact with ground

• Extremely flexible

• Made of 5 bones (calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform and first metatarsal)

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4
Q

What are the properties of the lateral arch?

A

• Flatter than medial arch

• In contact with the ground

• More rigid than medial arch

• Made of 3 bones (calcaneus, cuboid and fifth metatarsal)

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5
Q

What are the properties of the anterior transverse arch?

A

• Relatively flat

• Contacts ground

• Formed by heads of the 5 metatarsals

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6
Q

What is the area supported by 3 arches called?

A

Plantar vault

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7
Q

Where does the plantar vault contact?

A

• Head of metatarsal 1

• Head of metatarsal 5

• Calcaneal tuberosity

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8
Q

What stabilises the arches of the foot?

A

• Short ligaments connecting adjacent bones (e.g. metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments)

• Long soft tissues spanning the length of the arch (e.g. plantar fascia)

• Suspension/sling (e.g. peroneus longus raises lateral arch)

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9
Q

What are the four phases in walking?

A

• Heel strike
◦ Weight is through calcaneus
◦ Arches are raised
• Stance phase
◦ Vault is flattened (shock absorption)
◦ Muscles contract to stop further flattening (plantar tighteners)
• Heel off
◦ Plantar tighteners contract further
◦ Foot now a rigid lever - caught between two forces (body weight and plantar flexors)
• Toe off
◦ As big toe extends, plantar fascia tightens, reinforcing medial arch (windlass mechanism)

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10
Q

Where do movements of the hind foot occur?

A

Subtalar joint

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11
Q

Where do movements of the forefoot occur?

A

Midtarsal/transverse tarsal joint (made of two joints: talonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint)

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12
Q

What is the term for transferring weight medially?

A

Pronation

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13
Q

What is the term for transferring weight laterally?

A

Supination

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14
Q

Where is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

• Medial head: posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle

• Lateral head: posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle

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15
Q

Where is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

Posterior surface of the calcaneus (Achilles tendon)

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16
Q

What are the actions of gastrocnemius?

A

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

• Flexion of the knee

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17
Q

Where is the origin of soleus?

A

Posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal two-thirds of the posterior tibial surface

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18
Q

Where is the insertion of soleus?

A

Posterior surface of the calcaneus (Achilles tendon)

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19
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle

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20
Q

What nerve innervates gastrocnemius and soleus?

A

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

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21
Q

Where is the origin of tibialis posterior?

A

Posterior surface of the upper half of the interosseus membrane and the adjacent surfaces of the tibia and fibula

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22
Q

Where is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

A

Inferior surfaces of the navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid bones and bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones

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23
Q

What are the functions of tibialis posterior?

A

• Inversion of the foot

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

24
Q

Where is the origin of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Middle one-third of the posterior surface of the tibia

25
Q

Where is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Base of the distal phalanx of each of the four lesser toes

26
Q

What are the actions of flexor digitorum longus?

A

• Flexion of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

• Inversion of the foot

27
Q

Where is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Middle two-third of the posterior surface of the fibula

28
Q

Where is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallucis); plantar surface

29
Q

What are the actions of flexor hallucis longus?

A

• Flexion of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

• Inversion of the foot

30
Q

What nerve innervates tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus?

A

Tibial nerve (L5, S1)

31
Q

What nerve innervates flexor hallucis longus?

A

Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)

32
Q

Where is the origin of fibularis longus?

A

Head and upper two-third of the lateral surface of the fibula

33
Q

Where is the insertion of fibularis longus?

A

Undersurfaces of the medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bone

34
Q

What are the actions of fibularis longus?

A

• Eversion of the foot

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

35
Q

Where is the origin of fibularis brevis?

A

Mid to lower two-third of the lateral surface of the fibula

36
Q

Where is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

A

Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone

37
Q

What are the actions of fibularis brevis?

A

• Eversion of the foot

• Plantar flexion of the ankle

38
Q

Where is the origin of fibularis tertius?

A

Distal one-third of the anterior fibula

39
Q

Where is the insertion of fibularis tertius?

A

Superior aspect of the base of the 5th metatarsal

40
Q

What are the actions of fibularis tertius?

A

• Dorsiflexion of the ankle

• Eversion of the foot

41
Q

Where is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Lateral condyle of the tibia, head of the fibula, and upper two-third of the anterior surface of the fibula

42
Q

Where is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Tops of the middle and distal phalanges of the four lesser toes

43
Q

What are the actions of extensor digitorum longus?

A

• Extension of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

• Dorsiflexion of the ankle

• Eversion of the foot

44
Q

Where is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?

A

Middle two-third of the medial surface of the anterior fibula

45
Q

Where is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus?

A

Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

46
Q

What are the actions of extensor hallucis longus?

A

• Extension of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

• Dorsiflexion of the ankle

• Weak inversion of the foot

47
Q

Where is the origin of tibialis anterior?

A

Upper two-third of the lateral surface of the tibia

48
Q

Where is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

A

Inner surface of the medial cuneiform and the base of the 1st metatarsal bone

49
Q

What are the actions of tibialis anterior?

A

• Dorsiflexion of the ankle

• Inversion of the foot

50
Q

What nerve innervates fibularis longus and fibularis brevis?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L4, L5, S1)

51
Q

What nerve innervates fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5, S1)

52
Q

What muscles are found in the superficial posterior compartment?

A

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

53
Q

What muscles are found in the deep posterior compartment?

A

• Tibialis posterior

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Flexor hallucis longus

54
Q

What muscles are found in the lateral compartment?

A

• Fibularis longus

• Fibularis brevis

55
Q

What muscles are found in the anterior compartment?

A

• Fibularis tertius

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Extensor hallucis longus

• Tibialis anterior

Functional Anatomy (6 decks)

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