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Functional Anatomy > Connctive Tissue > Flashcards

Connctive Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Give four examples of connective tissue

A

• Blood

• Cartilage

• Subcutaneous fat

• Bone

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2
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

• Bind and support other tissues

• Protect and insulate organs

• Transport nutrients

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3
Q

What is the matrix made up of?

A

• Ground substance

• Collagen fibres and elastic fibres (embedded in the ground substance)

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4
Q

What are the two main types of cells found in connective tissue?

A

• Immature class of cell (-blast)

• Mature class of cell (-cyte)

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5
Q

What is the function of the immature cells?

A

Secreting the matrix

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6
Q

What is the function of the mature cells?

A

Maintaining the matrix

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7
Q

What is the ground substance made of?

A

Proteoglycans (a core protein chain) and a polysaccharide side-chain (glucosaminoglycans)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of ground substance?

A

• Support cells

• Bind cells together

• Medium for substance exchange between blood and cells

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9
Q

What are the properties of elastic fibres?

A

• Flexible

• Consists of protein (elastin)

• Can be stretched to 150% of relaxed length without breaking

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10
Q

What are the properties of collagen fibres?

A

• Strong

• Consists of protein (collagen)

• Very tough and resistant to tension forces

• Often arranged in bundles

• Still allows some flexibility because not taut

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11
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

• Hyaline cartilage

• Fibrocartilage

• Elastic cartilage

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12
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

• Covers articulate surfaces at joints

• Reduces friction between bones

• Absorbs shock

• Has resilient gel and fine collagen fibres

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13
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

• Forms discs and rings between joints

• Great strength and some elasticity

• Can resist considerable pressure

• Bundles of thick collagen fibres

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14
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

• Dense regular CT

• Dense irregular CT

• Elastic CT

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15
Q

What two structures are examples of dense regular CT?

A

Ligaments and tendons

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16
Q

What are the properties of dense irregular CT?

A

• Provides strength in multiple directions

• Collagen fibres randomly arranged

• A few elastic fibres

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17
Q

What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular CT?

A

Dense regular CT has collagen fibres running in parallel bundles whereas dense irregular CT has collagen fibres randomly arranged

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18
Q

Give two examples of dense irregular CT

A

• Joint capsule

• Deep fascia

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19
Q

What are bones (osseous tissue) made of?

A

Collagen and hard minerals (e.g. calcium, magnesium and phosphate)

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20
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

• Cancellous or spongy

• Compact

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21
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A

• Osteoblasts

• Osteoclasts

• Osteocytes

22
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

• Deposit inorganic salts and osteoid in bone tissue

• Creating bone

23
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

• Breaking down bone to release calcium and phosphate

• Involved in maintaining bone shape during growth and removing excess callus formed during healing

24
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

• Monitor and maintain bone tissue

• Communicate with surface osteoblasts and osteoclasts in response to strain

25
Q

Describe the microstructure of compact bone

A

• Outer layer is called periosteum

• Contains osteons which are parallel tube shaped structures containing blood vessels and nerves (within the central/Haversian canal)
◦ Aligned the same way force is applied to the bone

• Each central canal is linked to other canals via perforating canals

• Lamellae are located around the osteons

• Between adjacent lamellae of the osteon are little cavities called lacunae
◦ Within each lacuna is an osteocyte

26
Q

Describe the microstructure of spongy bone

A

• Spongy bone has a less compact structure (resembling honeycomb)

• Contains osteocytes within lacunae but not arranged in concentric circles

• Consists of trabeculae which are lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates

• Spaces in between contain red bone marrow (which produces blood cells)

27
Q

What do irregular, long and short bones develop from?

A

Rods of cartilage (cartilage models)

28
Q

What do sesamoid bones develop from?

A

Tender models

29
Q

What do flat bones develop from?

A

Membrane models

30
Q

Describe the process of osteogenesis in long bones

A

• Osteoblasts secrete osteoid which gradually replaces the cartilage model

• Calcium and phosphate salts are deposited through the cartilaginous osteoid and increasingly calcify the cartilage model

• Ossification begins at the ossification centre

• At around 8 weeks, you get the development of a bone collar

• The blood supply then starts to develop and bone tissue replaces cartilage as the osteoblasts secrete osteoid into the shaft of the long bone

• Ossification continues and spreads to the epiphyses, resulting in bone lengthening

• At the time of birth, the secondary centres of ossification develop in the epiphyses and the medullary canal/cavity forms by the osteoclasts breaking down bone tissue in the centre of the shaft

• The long bones continue to grow during childhood (which occurs at the growth/epiphyseal plate) and the plate produces new cartilage on the surface which is then converted into bone (lengthening the bone)

• During puberty, cartilage growth slows down (meaning there’s more bone deposition in the epiphyseal plate)

• This causes the whole plate to be gradually converted into bone over time so no more lengthening is possible

31
Q

What does Wolff’s law state?

A

Bone density changes in response to the forces placed on the bone

32
Q

What percent of bone is replaced each year?

A

Around 10%

33
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A

• Synarthroses (immovable e.g. joints between bones in the skull)

• Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable e.g. joints between adjacent vertebrae)

• Diarthroses (freely moveable e.g. knee joint)

34
Q

What are the three groups that diarthroses joints can be split into?

A

• Uniaxial (movement in one plane)

• Biaxial (movement in two planes)

• Multiaxial (movement in three planes)

35
Q

What are the three main structural classifications of joints?

A

• Fibrous

• Cartilaginous

• Synovial

36
Q

How many types of fibrous joints are there?

A

3

37
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

• Sutures

• Gomphosis

• Syndesmosis

38
Q

What are the properties of suture joints?

A

• Permits no movement (only found where bones of the skull meet each other)

• Bone edges are serrated and are united by a layer of fibrous tissue

• Periosteal layers of the bone are continuous

39
Q

What are the properties of gomphosis joints?

A

• A peg fits into a socket and is held in place by a fibrous band or ligament

• E.g. where roots of teeth are held in their socket by dontal ligaments

40
Q

What are the properties of syndesmosis joints?

A

• United by a larger amount of fibrous tissue via a ligament or an interosseous membrane (e.g. between radius and ulna)

• Movement allowed is due to the flexibility of the membrane or stretching of the ligament

• Movement is quite restricted and controlled

41
Q

How many types of cartilaginous joints are there?

A

Two

42
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

• Synchondroses

• Symphysis

43
Q

What are the properties of synchondroses joints?

A

• Bones are untied by a continuous layer of hyaline cartilage

• Temporary

• Only example of this joint in adults is the first sternocostal joint

• In kids, it can be found at the epiphyseal growth plate

44
Q

What are the properties of symphysis joints?

A

• Articulating surfaces of the bones involved are covered in hyaline cartilage and also have a pad of fibrocartilage between them (e.g. between vertebrae)

• Allows a small amount of controlled movement to take place

45
Q

What are the properties of synovial joints?

A

• Articulating surfaces of the bones are covered in an articular hyaline cartilage (allowing bones to move against one another with minimal friction)

• There is a fibrous joint capsule that attaches at or away from the margins at the joint (strengthened by the muscles and ligaments that cross the joint)

• Deep surface of the capsule is lined by the synovial membrane (which secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity)

46
Q

How many types of synovial joint are there?

A

Seven

47
Q

What are the types of synovial joint?

A

• Gliding joint (plane joint)

• Hinge joint

• Pivot joint

• Ellipsoid joint

• Saddle joint

• Ball and socket joint

• Condyloid joint

48
Q

What are the properties of each synovial joint?

A

◦ Gliding joint (plane joint)
‣ Joint surfaces are relatively flat and are roughly equal length
‣ Some movement is possible by one bone gliding or twisting against the other
‣ E.g. sternoclavicular joint

◦  Hinge joint
	‣ Allows movement about one axis only
	‣ Good congruency of the joint surfaces (fit each other nicely)
	‣ E.g. elbow joint

◦  Pivot joint
	‣ Movement occurs at a single axis with one bone rotating around another within a fibro-osseus ring
	‣ E.g. joint at the top of the spine where atlas meets axis  (Atlanto-axial joint)

◦  Ellipsoid joint
	‣ Similar to ball and socket joint but the surfaces are ellipsoid 
	‣ Movement is only possible about two perpendicular axes
	‣ E.g. radio-carpal joint at the wrist

◦  Saddle joint
	‣ Two surfaces are reciprocally concavo-convex
	‣ Like a rider sitting on a saddle
	‣ Allows movement to occur primarily about two perpendicular axes
	‣ Usually allows a small amount of movement about a third axis
	‣ E.g. Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

◦  Ball and socket joint
	‣ Ball of one bone fits into the socket of another bone
	‣ Multiaxial joint (capable of movement in multiple planes and at least three axes)

◦  Condyloid
	‣ Modified ball and socket joint
	‣ Allows active movement about two perpendicular axes 
	‣ Passive movement could occur about a third axis
	‣ E.g. metacarpal-phalangeal joints
49
Q

What is joint arthrokinematics?

A

The specific movement of joint surfaces

50
Q

What are the three types of movements available at joints?

A

• Roll, spin and slide/glide

Functional Anatomy (6 decks)

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