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24- EQ- Endocrine > The itchy and scabby horse > Flashcards

The itchy and scabby horse Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 broad conditions that can cause pruritus

A

ectoparasites
bacterial/ fungal- especially if chronic- pruritus occurs 2ndry
hypersensitivity
drug reactions

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2
Q

List 4 types of ectoparasites that cause pruritus in horses

A

mites
lice
biting flies/ insects
Oxyuris equi

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3
Q

List 3 types of mites that affect horses

A

Chorioptes spp
Psoroptes spp
Trombicula spp

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4
Q

where are lesions typically found with chorioptes equi

A

distal limb +++
groin/abdomen

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5
Q

where are lesions typically found with Trombicula autmnalis

A

head and legs (+++)

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6
Q

when are lice common in horses

A

in winter months
crowded barns

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7
Q

Clinical signs of lice in horses

A

“Moth-eaten” “Snow flake” appearance coat
Mane, base of tail and dorsum most common
Severe pruritus, self-mutilating, biting, rubbing
Alopecia, excoriation, serum exudation

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8
Q

Describe what biting lice look like

A

small, yellowish, broad flatted head feeds on scales

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9
Q

Describe what sucking lice look like

A

dark colour blood sucking, narrow head, slightly bigger

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10
Q

Describe how to treat chorioptes equi

A

dormectin injection
Fibronil spray

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11
Q

How to treat Trombicula autunnalis

A

Lime sulphur solution
pyrethrin spray

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12
Q

How to treat Psoroptes equi

A

oral macrocytic lactones (ivermectin or moxidectin)
lime sulphur solution
pyrethrin

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13
Q

How to treat lice in horses

A

permethrin pour-on
fibronil

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14
Q

Cliical signs of Oxyuris equi (Pin worm)

A

Once the female is fertilized migrates to anus to lay eggs>intense pruritus
Rubbing tail, broken hair on tail head, abrasions on perineum

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15
Q

How to treat Oxyuris equi

A

ivermectin or pyrantel by mouth

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16
Q

when does Culicoides hypersensitivity tend to occur

A

= sweet itch
Develops early in live (3-4yo) but worsen with age
Seasonal presentation: Spring-early autumn

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17
Q

Clinical signs of Culicoides hypersensitivty

A

dorsal or ventral lesion distribution
Pruritus
Crusted papules: mane, rump, base of the tail that extend to face, pinna, neck

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18
Q

List 3 ways to manage Culicoides hypersensitivity

A

stable horse at night wit fly-screen
keep horses away from water sources
apply permethrin pour-on - or other fly repellent

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19
Q

where do skin lesions generally occur with food allergies in horses

A

Face, neck, trunk lesions, angioedema and urticaria common

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20
Q

Where do skin lesions occur with contact dermatitis

A

Localised in areas in contact with tack predominantly

21
Q

List 5 broad categories of causes of crusting/ scaling in horses

A

bacteria
Dermatophytosis
Pemphigus
parasites
chronic diseases

22
Q

what is dermatophilosis congolensis also know as

A

rain scald/rot

23
Q

List 4 risk factors for dermatophilosis congolensis

A

Poor nutrition
poor hygiene (sweaty horses)
high temperature and humidity
low-immunity

24
Q

Describe clinical signs of dermatophilosis congolensis

A

large oval lesions with a ‘paintbrush effect’
Lesions can be annular and often follow a “dribbling” or “scald line” pattern particularly in the dorsum and trunk

25
Q

Describe how to manage rain scald

A

wash tack
keep horses dry after exercise
Maintain the bedding clean and dry, avoid accumulation of manure
Avoid sunlight in affected areas as it might aggravate irritation

26
Q

Describe local treatment of rain scald

A

antiseptic washes
daily application of 5% K-permangante for 5 days
after washing dry horse with towel

27
Q

Describe systemic treatment of rain scald

A

if highly exudative and painful cases +/- 2ndry infections
penicillin 3-5 days
TMPS for 2 wk

28
Q

Describe the lesions seen with dermatophytosis (ringworm)

A

erected hairs in circular areas, typically silvery and slightly scaly extending centripetally»circular areas of alopecia

29
Q

which horses are most likely affected by dermatophytosis

A

young horses more likely affected

30
Q

Desribe how dermatophytosis is spread

A

Normally spread through contaminated girth, boots, clippers, brushes, etc
Mechanical disruption of skin is necessary for fungal colonization

31
Q

Describe management of dermatophytosis

A

possibly Zoonotic- wear gloves
correct nutrition/ primary immuno-suppression
stop training
isolate
clean and disinfect tack

32
Q

what do we see with photosensitization

A

non-pruritic crust in white areas

33
Q

describe type 1 photosensitization

A

ingestion of photdynamic agent- plants
ST. Johns wort
Perennial ryegrass

34
Q

Describe type 2 photosensitization

A

congenital disease

35
Q

Describe type 3 photosensitisation

A

liver failure most common cause

36
Q

How to manage photosensitization

A

treat primary problem
remove from pasture
apply sunscreen
cover affected areas until healing

37
Q

Describe Pemphigus

A

exfoliative dermatitis due to type 2 hypersensitivity

38
Q

How to diagnose Pemphigus

A

biopsy

39
Q

How to treat Pemphigus

A

long-term glucocorticoids- immuno-suppressive
omega fatty acids
vit E supplementation
sunlight restriction
address underlying triggers

40
Q

Describe Onchocera

A

Microfilaria parasite lowering prevalence due to the use of macrocytic lactones dewormers (ivermectin/ moxidectin)

41
Q

How to treat Onchocerca

A

macrocytic lactone - permanent leukoderma possible

42
Q

Describe pastern dermatitis

A

Multifactorial syndrome affecting caudal aspect of the pasterns
Lots od predispositions

43
Q

what generally causes pastern dermatitis

A

Staphylococcus aureusandDermatophilus congolensis primary pathogens»fungi (Malassezia and Trichophyton)

44
Q

Describe diagnostic approach/plan and management to pastern dermatitis

A

take samples and clip hair
clean with warm water and neutral soap
dry throughly with towel
avoid bandaging
treat primary problem
Warn owner: Long term and environmental management mandatory

45
Q

List 4 causes of ulcerative lesions in horses

A

virus- EHV-3, vesicular stomatitis
neoplasia- SCC
pressure sores
Summer sores

46
Q

where do skin lesions occur in EHV-3

A

Lesions on the vulva, perineum, penis, prepuce and testicles
Oral and lip ulcers

47
Q

How to manage Urticaria

A

identify trigger
wash skin if environmental trigger
cold hosing may improve clinical signs
steroids
cetirizine
omega fatty acids

48
Q

Describe Vitiligo

A

Idiopathic depigmentation
Most common in grey horses
Around eyes and lips
No treatment=permanent change

49
Q

Decsribe areata

A

Auto-immune disease
Non-pruritic progressive thinning mane and tail
Areas of alopecia
Leukotrichia
Exclamation shape hair bulb but
Biopsy for confirmation

24- EQ- Endocrine (10 decks)

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