The Integumentary System

Question 0

Epidermis

Answer 0

Superficial layer that consist of keratinez astratified squamous epithelium resting on a basement membrane

Question 1

what are the two main components of the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 1

Epidermis and Dermis

Question 2

Dermis

Answer 2

Deep to the epidermis and basement membrane; consist of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

Question 3

What are the accessory structures of the skin

Answer 3

Embedded in cutaneous membrane sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair and nails

Question 4

What is an arrector pili muscle

Answer 4

Small bands of smooth muscle associated with hair

Question 5

The epidermis is a vascular and must rely on__?

Answer 5

Must rely on the fusion of oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels in deep dermis

Question 6

Superficial layers are made up entirely of dead cells because?

Answer 6

50% of cells in epidermis are too far from adequate blood supply to sustain life

Question 7

Hypodermis is also known as

Answer 7

Superficial fascia or subcutaneous fat

Question 8

What is the hypodermis made of

Answer 8

Loose connective and adipose tissue; has an abundant blood supply

Question 9

cellulite

Answer 9

Term used to describe dimples or orange peel appearance of skin when collagen bands form around adipose tissue in the hypodermis

Question 10

What are the functions of the integumentary system

Answer 10

Protection, sensation, thermoregulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis

Question 11

Protection from mechanical Chama, pathogens, and environment is most obvious function: (3)

Answer 11

Stratified squamous, Keratinized epithelium provides a terrible but flexible surface; protects the body from mechanical trauma like stretching, pressure, or abrasions

Provides a continuous barrier to invasion by micro organisms or pathogens that can cause disease

Contains cells of the new system that destroy pathogens before they invade deeper tissues

Question 12

Protection: glands

Answer 12

Secrete variety of enzyme antimicrobial substances; sebaceous glands secretion give surface of skin a slightly acidic pH called acid mantle; inhibits growth of many pathogens

Question 13

Sensation

Answer 13

Process that enables nervous system to perceived changes in the bodys internal or external surroundings; critical to homeostasis:

Question 14

What do sensation receptors allow us to do

Answer 14

Allows us to detect potentially harmful stimuli such as heat cold and pain; could lead to tissue damage

Question 15

Thermalregulation

Answer 15

Processed and relies on negative feedback loops for maintenance of a stable internal temperature

internal body temperature is determined mostly by muscle activity and many chemical reactions involved in metabolism

Question 16

What are the sequence of events that occurred when the body temperature rises above normal range that may be caused by extremes of weather or do to abnormal conditions that cause fever? (5)

Answer 16

Sensory receptors in the skin to take an increase in temperature in both the skin itself and internal body fluids

the control center in the hypothalamus of the brain acts as a thermostat which receives input from Thermo receptors; processes and then response to sensory inputs

Control center stimulates sweating; sweat glands are stimulated to release a watery fluid called sweat; water carries a great deal of heat with it when it evaporates; provides for an effective cooling mechanism

Control center stimulates cutaneous vasodilation;response triggered by hypothalamus; causes blood vessels and dermis to widen (dilate); increased blood flow through dilated vessels increases amount of heat radiated away from body into environment; cools body

Body temperature returns to normal range and cooling mechanism is declined by negative feedback; thermal receptors no longer send body temperatures above normal range they stop sending signals to the hypothalamus; as control center responses; sweating and vasodilation ends

Question 17

What are the sequence of events that occurs when the body temperature drops below normal range; usually due to cold environmental conditions? (4)

Answer 17

Thermal receptors detect the body temperature drop below normal range; relay information to thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus

Hypothalamus generates a different response than it does for an increased body temperature; blood vessels in dermis narrow reducing amount of blood flow; limits heat lost to environment

Vasoconstriction also redirects bloodflow to deeper tissues; helps to conserve heat

when the body temperature rises back into normal range, thermal receptors stop sending information to hypothalamus; response that hypothalamus generator for heat conservation ends

Question 18

Excretion

Answer 18

Process where waste products and toxins are illuminated from body; mostly occurs at other organs like kidneys; skin and it’s accessory structures make a small but significant contribution

Question 19

Skin plays a critical role in vitamin D synthesis; cells found deep in epidermis convert vitamin C from an inactive form (precursor) to active form:

Answer 19

Precursor – modified cholesterol molecules; converted to cholecalciferol when epidermis is exposed to UV radiation

Cholecalciferol is released into blood; modify first by the liver, then by kidneys, to form calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)

Question 20

Epidermis

Answer 20

Most superficial layer; composed of several cell types; most numerous are keratinocytes

Question 21

Manufacture keratin

Answer 21

Tough fibrous protein that makes epidemics more resistant to mechanical trauma

Question 22

What makes the epidermis stronger

Answer 22

The linking of desmosomes