Ch.4 - Histology Flashcards
What are the four primary tissue types
Epithelial tissues
connective tissue’s
muscle tissues
nervous tissues
Histology
Study of normal structures of tissues
epithelial tissues
Tightly packed sheets of cells with no visible ECM; cover and line all body surfaces and cavities; specialized form glands that manufacture secretion such a sweat saliva or chemical messengers called hormones
Connective tissue’s
Connect all other tissues and body to one another; ECM is a prominent feature for most connective tissue types with cells scattered throughout; bind, support, protect, and allow for transportation of substances
Muscle tissues
Capable of generating forced by contracting; little ECM between cells
Nervous tissue’s
Consisting of cells capable of generating, sending, receiving messages, and sells the support this activity all within a unique ECM
Extracellular matrix
Composed of substances in a liquid, Joe, or solid that around cells of a tissue
What are the two main components of the extracellular matrix
Ground substance and protein fibers
What are the functions of the ECM (extracellular matrix)
Provides tissue with strength to resist tensile (stretching) and compressive forces,
direct sales to their proper positions within a tissue and hold cells in place,
regulates development, mitotic activity, and survival of cells anything if you
Ground substance
Makes up most of ECM and consist of extracellular fluid; components include water nutrients ions and three families of micro molecules
what are the three families of macromolecules found in ground substance
Glycosaminoglycan’s,
proteoglycans,
cell adhesion molecules
Proteoglycans
Bound to a protein core helps make ECM firm or more solid and resistant to compression by “aggregation”
Cell adhesion molecules
Made up of different types of glycoproteins
adheres surroundings; holds everything in place within the ECM,
maintains normal tissue agriculture
Protein fibers
Embedded within ground substance; long molecules composed of multiple fibrous subunits with a rope like structure; enormous tensile strength
What are the three protein fibers found within the ECM
Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
Collagen fibers
Make up 20–25% of all proteins in the body; composed of multiple repeating subunits that form a white fibrous proteins; resistant to tension (pulling a stretching forces) and pressure
Elastic fibers
Composed of protein elastin surrounded by glycoproteins; extensibility allows fiber to stretch up to 1 1/2 times resting length without breaking; once stretched, fibers return to resting length
Reticular fibers
Thin, short collagen fibers; form a meshwork of scaffold the support cells and ground substance of many tissues; form a weblike structure in organs like the spleen that help trap foreign cells
What are some diseases of collagen and elastic fibers (two)
Ehlers- Danlos syndrome,
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers Danlos syndrome
Abnormal collagen fibers; re-current joint dislocation, hyperextensibility of skin, fragility of blood vessels, easy bruising, plus various effects and intestines, heart, and lungs
Marfan syndrome
Abnormal elastic fibers; tall stature with long limbs and fingers; multiple skeletal abnormalities, recurrent joint dislocations, heart valve and lens (eye) abnormalities and dilation of aorta; aortic dissection(rupture) is most lethal complication
Cell junctions
Ways that cells bind to one another
What are the three major types of cell junctions
Tight junctions,
desmosomes,
gap junctions
Tight junctions
Hold cells closely together such that the space between is impermeable to movement of macromolecules
Where might tight junctions be found
Between cells and blood vessels; to prevent blood from exiting vessels
Desmosomes
Composed of linking integral proteins; allow for materials and extracellular fluid to pass through space between cells
Where might desmosomes be found
In tissues subjected to a great deal of mechanical stress such as epithelia of skin
Gap junctions
Small pores formed by protein channels between adjacent cells that allow small substances to flow freely between each cell cytoplasm
Where are my gap junctions be found
Between cells that communicate with electrical signals such as cardiac muscle cells
What are the functions of epithelial tissues (five)
Protection, immune defenses, secretion, transport into other tissues, sensation
What does ground substance Generally look like
Clear or has a slight tinge of color generally look like wavy or straight lines
What kind of junctions does epithelial tissues consist of
Tight junctions and desmosomes
What issues are avascular
Epithelial tissues
Define avascular
Lack blood vessels and must obtain oxygen and nutrients by the fusion from deeper tissues
Are the two components of a basement membrane
Basal lamina, reticular lamina
Basal limina
ECM synthesized by epithelial cells consist of collagen fibers and ground substance
Reticular lamina
Synthesized by underlying connective tissue; consists of reticular fibers and ground substance
Together what does basal and reticular Lamina do?
Together these two layers “Glue “epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue ; anchor underlying blood vessels in place; provide a barrier between epithelia an underlying tissues
Epithelial tissue is classified based on two criteria’s by the number of cell layers and shape of the cells in those layers known as
Simple epithelia and stratified epithelium
Simple epithelium
Consist of a single cell layer
Stratified epithelia
Consist of more than one cell layer
What are the three epithelial tissue shapes
Squamous cells – flattened
cuboidal cells – short
columnar cells – tall and elongated
What are the four types of simple epithelia
Simple squamous epithelium,
simple cuboidal epithelium,
simple columnar epithelium,
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Very thin single layer of cells; adapter for rapid diffusion of a substance is like oxygen carbon ,dioxide fluids, and ions
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found
In the air sacs of lungs, specific segments of the kidney tubules, and lining blood vessels
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of cube shaped cells with large central nucleus did enough for rapid substance to fusion,
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found
Segments of renal tubule’s, respiratory passages, ducts of many glands, and thyroid gland
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of rectangular shaped cells with nuclei located in basil portion of cell, often as Microvilli or cilia
Where might simple columnar epithelium be found
Small intestines,
Uterine tubes and segments of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Appears to be layered because nuclei are formed at various heights but only one cell layer thick with basil plasma membrane’s family in contact with basement membrane
Where my pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found
Found in segments of respiratory tract and nasal cavity; ciliated
What are the two types of transport across simple epithelia
Paracellular transportation and Transcellular transportation
Paracellular transportation
Where substances leak between cells in an epithelial membrane; limited due to tight junctions that make spaces between cells nearly in permeable
Transcellular transportation
Where is substance answers his cell by crossing plasma membrane, defusing across cytosol and exiting cell through the plasma membrane at opposite sides
What are the two types of stratified epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Non Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium can be found where
Found in region subjected to mechanical stress were surface must remain moist such as the mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina
What type of stratified epithelium is rare in humans
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: sweat glands
Where might stratified columnar epithelium be found
Rare and humans but can be found in male urethra cop Ma, cornea of eye, ducts of certain glands like salivary gland
Transitional epithelium
Only found in urinary system; lines interior of kidney ,ureter’s, urinary bladder and urethra
Endocrine glands
Secrete their products usually hormones, directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts
Exocrine glands
These products onto a pic of the surfaces of epithelium located on external surface of the body or lining a hollow organ that opens to the outside of the body
Goblet cells
Most common Uni cellular Exocrine glands found a digestive and respiratory tract they secrete mucus which protects underlying epithelium
What are the two methods in exocrine glands for secreting products
Merocrine secretion and holocrine secretion
Merocrine secretion
Used by majority of exocrine glands and body including salivary and sweat glands; secretory cells package products and secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis into ducts
Holocrine secretion
Used by sebaceous glands and skin to secrete sebum: Secretory cells accumulate product in cytosol; only release product when sound raptures and Dies
Carcinogens
Agents that induce DNA changes (injury); can lead to cancer
carcinoma
Term for epithelial cancer common examples lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer
Connected tissues are divided into two basic groups that differ in their cell types and easy and components known as
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
What are the functions of connective tissue (four)
Connected and binding, support, protection, transport
Connecting and binding (connective tissue function)
Anchor tissue layers in organs and link organs together
Support (connective tissue function)
Bone and cartilage support weight on the body
Protection (connective tissue function)
Bone tissue protect certain internal organs and cartilage and fat provide shock absorption; components of immune system are found throughout connected tissues
Transport (connected tissue function)
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is made transport medium in body
Cells of connective tissue proper -resident cells do what
Permanently inhibit tissue in which they are found
Migrant cells
Migrate into different areas of body depending on the situation
Cells and connective tissue proper include (five)
Fibroblast, adipocytes, mast cells, phagocytes, other immune system cells
fibroblast
Mature cells that have properties of an immature blast cell
makes protein fibers and ground substance
continually produce collagen proteins
adipocytes
Also known as fat cells found in many different connected tissues
cytoplasm of each cell is filled with a single large lipid inclusion
Mast cells
The largest resident cell
Immune system cells filled with cytosolic inclusions also known as granules of inflammatory mediators such as histamine
they release mediators when stimulated causing inflammation a protective response to activate the immune system
Phagocytes
Also immune system cells; can ingest foreign substances, Micro organisms, and dead or damage cells by phagocytosis; include microphage and neutrophils
What are the four basic types of connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, particular tissue, adipose tissue
Loose connected tissue (Areolar tissue)
Mostly ground substance with all three types of protein fibers, fiber blast, and occasionally adipocytes, suspended and ground substance
What are the 3 types of Dense connective tissue
Density irregular connective tissue,
dense regular connective tissue,
dense regular elastic connective tissue
Density irregular connective tissue
Disorganized collagen bundles – strong and resist attention and all three planes of movement found in high tension areas like dermis deep to skin
Dense regular connective tissue
Organized it’s a parallel collagen bundles of assistant to tension in one place
Where can dense regular connective tissue can be found
Found in tendons and ligaments that are subject to tension and one plane of movement
Dense regular elastic connective tissue
Mostly parallel oriented elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers
Where can dance regular elastic connective tissue be found
Found in walls of organs that must stretch to perform their functions such as large blood vessels and certain ligaments
Reticular tissue
Composed mostly of reticular fibers produced by fibroblast; form fine networks that supports more structures like blood and lymphatic cells
Where can reticular tissues be found
In lymph nodes and spleen
What are the two types of adipose tissue
White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue
White adipose tissue
Appears right consist of adipocytes with one large lipid inclusion in Cytosol
Where can white adipose tissue be found
Can be found deep to skin as subcutaneous fat and in the abdomen, breast, hips, butt, thighs
Brown adipose tissue
Has a brown appearance due to numerous mitochondria in the cytoplasm
contains multiple lipid inclusions that are more readily converted to energy by the body to produce heat and cold temperatures
are found in young children
Hypertrophic
Lipid inclusions in the excess fatty acids and increase in size
Number of adipocytes remain unchanged
Hypercellular
generally severe the number of adipocytes increase
correlates with development of obesity and infancy early childhood and not adulthood
What do adult adipocytes lack
They lack ability to divide and form new cells
Cartilage
Found in joints between bones, ear, nose and segments of the respiratory tract
Bone tissue
Supports body protects vital organs provides attachment for muscles that allow for movement; stores calcium, and houses bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Make blood cells and are rich in iron
Yellow bone marrow
Fat
Blood
Unique connective tissue with a liquid ECM called plasma consist of mostly water, dissolved solute, and proteins
What can cartilage do
Absorbs shock and resist tension, compression, and shearing forces
Must be thin to receive blood supply
Hyaline cartilage
Found the ends of bones and joints, linking sternum to ribs, framing sections of respiratory tract,
most of fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage replaced with bone during development
Elastic cartilage
Allows tissue to vibrate
Osteocytes
Osteoblast that have surround themselves with ECM in lacunae; let yourselves, mostly in active but continue to make and secrete substances important for bone maintenance
Osteoclast
Large, multi nucleated bone destroyers; carry out process of bone resorption; secrete hydrogen ions and enzymes that break down both inorganic and organic ECM
Osteoarthritis
Hyaline cartilage lining joints degenerates caused by age, joint drama, genetic disorders, and affection
Endomysium
Small amount of esm that surrounds muscle tissue; helps with muscle cells together in tissue
What are the three types of muscle tissue
Cardiac, skeletal and smooth,
What type of muscle is voluntary
Skeletal
Where are smooth muscles found
Found in-laws of nearly every hollow organ, blood vessels, eyes, skin, and ducts of certain glands
Nervous tissue
Makes a majority of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Neurons
Capable of sending and receiving messages
Neuroglial cells
Perform various functions to support your neuron activities
What are the functions of neuroglial cells (4)
Anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place,
monitoring composition of extracellular fluid,
speeding up rate of nerve impulse transmission,
circulating fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
What does it mean that neurons are Amototic
Cells can’t divide
Membranes
Thin sheets of one or more tissues that line a body surface or cavity
What are the functions of membrane
Anchor organs in place, serve as barriers, function and immunity, and secrete various substances
True membranes
Include serous and synovial membrane structure and functional definitions
Do not open to outside of the body
Membrane like structures include__?
Mucus and cutaneous membrane
Synovial membranes
Line cavities surrounding freely movable joints like me or shoulder
Cutaneous membrane
Also known as skin; the largest organ of the body
Fibroblast fill in gaps left from injury by a process called__?
Fibrosis
tissue repair involves production of what?
Production of large quantities of protein, such as collagen; requires an adequate supply of amino acids to proceed
Vitamin C is required by__to produce functional collagen
Fibroblast
