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Biology 181 > Ch.4 - Histology > Flashcards

Ch.4 - Histology Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the four primary tissue types

A

Epithelial tissues
connective tissue’s
muscle tissues
nervous tissues

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1
Q

Histology

A

Study of normal structures of tissues

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2
Q

epithelial tissues

A

Tightly packed sheets of cells with no visible ECM; cover and line all body surfaces and cavities; specialized form glands that manufacture secretion such a sweat saliva or chemical messengers called hormones

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3
Q

Connective tissue’s

A

Connect all other tissues and body to one another; ECM is a prominent feature for most connective tissue types with cells scattered throughout; bind, support, protect, and allow for transportation of substances

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4
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Capable of generating forced by contracting; little ECM between cells

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5
Q

Nervous tissue’s

A

Consisting of cells capable of generating, sending, receiving messages, and sells the support this activity all within a unique ECM

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6
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Composed of substances in a liquid, Joe, or solid that around cells of a tissue

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7
Q

What are the two main components of the extracellular matrix

A

Ground substance and protein fibers

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8
Q

What are the functions of the ECM (extracellular matrix)

A

Provides tissue with strength to resist tensile (stretching) and compressive forces,

direct sales to their proper positions within a tissue and hold cells in place,

regulates development, mitotic activity, and survival of cells anything if you

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9
Q

Ground substance

A

Makes up most of ECM and consist of extracellular fluid; components include water nutrients ions and three families of micro molecules

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10
Q

what are the three families of macromolecules found in ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycan’s,

proteoglycans,

cell adhesion molecules

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11
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Bound to a protein core helps make ECM firm or more solid and resistant to compression by “aggregation”

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12
Q

Cell adhesion molecules

A

Made up of different types of glycoproteins

adheres surroundings; holds everything in place within the ECM,

maintains normal tissue agriculture

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13
Q

Protein fibers

A

Embedded within ground substance; long molecules composed of multiple fibrous subunits with a rope like structure; enormous tensile strength

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14
Q

What are the three protein fibers found within the ECM

A

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

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15
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Make up 20–25% of all proteins in the body; composed of multiple repeating subunits that form a white fibrous proteins; resistant to tension (pulling a stretching forces) and pressure

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16
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Composed of protein elastin surrounded by glycoproteins; extensibility allows fiber to stretch up to 1 1/2 times resting length without breaking; once stretched, fibers return to resting length

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17
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thin, short collagen fibers; form a meshwork of scaffold the support cells and ground substance of many tissues; form a weblike structure in organs like the spleen that help trap foreign cells

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18
Q

What are some diseases of collagen and elastic fibers (two)

A

Ehlers- Danlos syndrome,

Marfan syndrome

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19
Q

Ehlers Danlos syndrome

A

Abnormal collagen fibers; re-current joint dislocation, hyperextensibility of skin, fragility of blood vessels, easy bruising, plus various effects and intestines, heart, and lungs

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20
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Abnormal elastic fibers; tall stature with long limbs and fingers; multiple skeletal abnormalities, recurrent joint dislocations, heart valve and lens (eye) abnormalities and dilation of aorta; aortic dissection(rupture) is most lethal complication

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21
Q

Cell junctions

A

Ways that cells bind to one another

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22
Q

What are the three major types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions,

desmosomes,

gap junctions

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23
Q

Tight junctions

A

Hold cells closely together such that the space between is impermeable to movement of macromolecules

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24
Q

Where might tight junctions be found

A

Between cells and blood vessels; to prevent blood from exiting vessels

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25
Q

Desmosomes

A

Composed of linking integral proteins; allow for materials and extracellular fluid to pass through space between cells

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26
Q

Where might desmosomes be found

A

In tissues subjected to a great deal of mechanical stress such as epithelia of skin

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27
Q

Gap junctions

A

Small pores formed by protein channels between adjacent cells that allow small substances to flow freely between each cell cytoplasm

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28
Q

Where are my gap junctions be found

A

Between cells that communicate with electrical signals such as cardiac muscle cells

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29
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues (five)

A 
Protection, 
immune defenses, 
secretion, 
transport into other tissues, 
sensation
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30
Q

What does ground substance Generally look like

A

Clear or has a slight tinge of color generally look like wavy or straight lines

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31
Q

What kind of junctions does epithelial tissues consist of

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

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32
Q

What issues are avascular

A

Epithelial tissues

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33
Q

Define avascular

A

Lack blood vessels and must obtain oxygen and nutrients by the fusion from deeper tissues

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34
Q

Are the two components of a basement membrane

A

Basal lamina, reticular lamina

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35
Q

Basal limina

A

ECM synthesized by epithelial cells consist of collagen fibers and ground substance

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36
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Synthesized by underlying connective tissue; consists of reticular fibers and ground substance

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37
Q

Together what does basal and reticular Lamina do?

A

Together these two layers “Glue “epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue ; anchor underlying blood vessels in place; provide a barrier between epithelia an underlying tissues

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38
Q

Epithelial tissue is classified based on two criteria’s by the number of cell layers and shape of the cells in those layers known as

A

Simple epithelia and stratified epithelium

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39
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Consist of a single cell layer

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40
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Consist of more than one cell layer

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41
Q

What are the three epithelial tissue shapes

A

Squamous cells – flattened

cuboidal cells – short

columnar cells – tall and elongated

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42
Q

What are the four types of simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous epithelium,

simple cuboidal epithelium,

simple columnar epithelium,

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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43
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Very thin single layer of cells; adapter for rapid diffusion of a substance is like oxygen carbon ,dioxide fluids, and ions

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44
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found

A

In the air sacs of lungs, specific segments of the kidney tubules, and lining blood vessels

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45
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells with large central nucleus did enough for rapid substance to fusion,

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46
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found

A

Segments of renal tubule’s, respiratory passages, ducts of many glands, and thyroid gland

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47
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of rectangular shaped cells with nuclei located in basil portion of cell, often as Microvilli or cilia

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48
Q

Where might simple columnar epithelium be found

A

Small intestines,

Uterine tubes and segments of the respiratory tract

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49
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Appears to be layered because nuclei are formed at various heights but only one cell layer thick with basil plasma membrane’s family in contact with basement membrane

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50
Q

Where my pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found

A

Found in segments of respiratory tract and nasal cavity; ciliated

51
Q

What are the two types of transport across simple epithelia

A

Paracellular transportation and Transcellular transportation

52
Q

Paracellular transportation

A

Where substances leak between cells in an epithelial membrane; limited due to tight junctions that make spaces between cells nearly in permeable

53
Q

Transcellular transportation

A

Where is substance answers his cell by crossing plasma membrane, defusing across cytosol and exiting cell through the plasma membrane at opposite sides

54
Q

What are the two types of stratified epithelium

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

55
Q

Non Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium can be found where

A

Found in region subjected to mechanical stress were surface must remain moist such as the mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina

56
Q

What type of stratified epithelium is rare in humans

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium: sweat glands

57
Q

Where might stratified columnar epithelium be found

A

Rare and humans but can be found in male urethra cop Ma, cornea of eye, ducts of certain glands like salivary gland

58
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Only found in urinary system; lines interior of kidney ,ureter’s, urinary bladder and urethra

59
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete their products usually hormones, directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts

60
Q

Exocrine glands

A

These products onto a pic of the surfaces of epithelium located on external surface of the body or lining a hollow organ that opens to the outside of the body

61
Q

Goblet cells

A

Most common Uni cellular Exocrine glands found a digestive and respiratory tract they secrete mucus which protects underlying epithelium

62
Q

What are the two methods in exocrine glands for secreting products

A

Merocrine secretion and holocrine secretion

63
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Used by majority of exocrine glands and body including salivary and sweat glands; secretory cells package products and secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis into ducts

64
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Used by sebaceous glands and skin to secrete sebum: Secretory cells accumulate product in cytosol; only release product when sound raptures and Dies

65
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that induce DNA changes (injury); can lead to cancer

66
Q

carcinoma

A

Term for epithelial cancer common examples lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer

67
Q

Connected tissues are divided into two basic groups that differ in their cell types and easy and components known as

A

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

68
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue (four)

A

Connected and binding, support, protection, transport

69
Q

Connecting and binding (connective tissue function)

A

Anchor tissue layers in organs and link organs together

70
Q

Support (connective tissue function)

A

Bone and cartilage support weight on the body

71
Q

Protection (connective tissue function)

A

Bone tissue protect certain internal organs and cartilage and fat provide shock absorption; components of immune system are found throughout connected tissues

72
Q

Transport (connected tissue function)

A

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is made transport medium in body

73
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper -resident cells do what

A

Permanently inhibit tissue in which they are found

74
Q

Migrant cells

A

Migrate into different areas of body depending on the situation

75
Q

Cells and connective tissue proper include (five)

A

Fibroblast, adipocytes, mast cells, phagocytes, other immune system cells

76
Q

fibroblast

A

Mature cells that have properties of an immature blast cell

makes protein fibers and ground substance

continually produce collagen proteins

77
Q

adipocytes

A

Also known as fat cells found in many different connected tissues

cytoplasm of each cell is filled with a single large lipid inclusion

78
Q

Mast cells

A

The largest resident cell
Immune system cells filled with cytosolic inclusions also known as granules of inflammatory mediators such as histamine

they release mediators when stimulated causing inflammation a protective response to activate the immune system

79
Q

Phagocytes

A

Also immune system cells; can ingest foreign substances, Micro organisms, and dead or damage cells by phagocytosis; include microphage and neutrophils

80
Q

What are the four basic types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, particular tissue, adipose tissue

81
Q

Loose connected tissue (Areolar tissue)

A

Mostly ground substance with all three types of protein fibers, fiber blast, and occasionally adipocytes, suspended and ground substance

82
Q

What are the 3 types of Dense connective tissue

A

Density irregular connective tissue,

dense regular connective tissue,

dense regular elastic connective tissue

83
Q

Density irregular connective tissue

A

Disorganized collagen bundles – strong and resist attention and all three planes of movement found in high tension areas like dermis deep to skin

84
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Organized it’s a parallel collagen bundles of assistant to tension in one place

85
Q

Where can dense regular connective tissue can be found

A

Found in tendons and ligaments that are subject to tension and one plane of movement

86
Q

Dense regular elastic connective tissue

A

Mostly parallel oriented elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers

87
Q

Where can dance regular elastic connective tissue be found

A

Found in walls of organs that must stretch to perform their functions such as large blood vessels and certain ligaments

88
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Composed mostly of reticular fibers produced by fibroblast; form fine networks that supports more structures like blood and lymphatic cells

89
Q

Where can reticular tissues be found

A

In lymph nodes and spleen

90
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue

A

White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue

91
Q

White adipose tissue

A

Appears right consist of adipocytes with one large lipid inclusion in Cytosol

92
Q

Where can white adipose tissue be found

A

Can be found deep to skin as subcutaneous fat and in the abdomen, breast, hips, butt, thighs

93
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Has a brown appearance due to numerous mitochondria in the cytoplasm

contains multiple lipid inclusions that are more readily converted to energy by the body to produce heat and cold temperatures

are found in young children

94
Q

Hypertrophic

A

Lipid inclusions in the excess fatty acids and increase in size

Number of adipocytes remain unchanged

95
Q

Hypercellular

A

generally severe the number of adipocytes increase

correlates with development of obesity and infancy early childhood and not adulthood

96
Q

What do adult adipocytes lack

A

They lack ability to divide and form new cells

97
Q

Cartilage

A

Found in joints between bones, ear, nose and segments of the respiratory tract

98
Q

Bone tissue

A

Supports body protects vital organs provides attachment for muscles that allow for movement; stores calcium, and houses bone marrow

99
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Make blood cells and are rich in iron

100
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Fat

101
Q

Blood

A

Unique connective tissue with a liquid ECM called plasma consist of mostly water, dissolved solute, and proteins

102
Q

What can cartilage do

A

Absorbs shock and resist tension, compression, and shearing forces

Must be thin to receive blood supply

103
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found the ends of bones and joints, linking sternum to ribs, framing sections of respiratory tract,

most of fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage replaced with bone during development

104
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Allows tissue to vibrate

105
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteoblast that have surround themselves with ECM in lacunae; let yourselves, mostly in active but continue to make and secrete substances important for bone maintenance

106
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, multi nucleated bone destroyers; carry out process of bone resorption; secrete hydrogen ions and enzymes that break down both inorganic and organic ECM

107
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Hyaline cartilage lining joints degenerates caused by age, joint drama, genetic disorders, and affection

108
Q

Endomysium

A

Small amount of esm that surrounds muscle tissue; helps with muscle cells together in tissue

109
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac, skeletal and smooth,

110
Q

What type of muscle is voluntary

A

Skeletal

111
Q

Where are smooth muscles found

A

Found in-laws of nearly every hollow organ, blood vessels, eyes, skin, and ducts of certain glands

112
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Makes a majority of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

113
Q

Neurons

A

Capable of sending and receiving messages

114
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Perform various functions to support your neuron activities

115
Q

What are the functions of neuroglial cells (4)

A

Anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place,

monitoring composition of extracellular fluid,

speeding up rate of nerve impulse transmission,

circulating fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord

116
Q

What does it mean that neurons are Amototic

A

Cells can’t divide

117
Q

Membranes

A

Thin sheets of one or more tissues that line a body surface or cavity

118
Q

What are the functions of membrane

A

Anchor organs in place, serve as barriers, function and immunity, and secrete various substances

119
Q

True membranes

A

Include serous and synovial membrane structure and functional definitions

Do not open to outside of the body

120
Q

Membrane like structures include__?

A

Mucus and cutaneous membrane

121
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Line cavities surrounding freely movable joints like me or shoulder

122
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Also known as skin; the largest organ of the body

123
Q

Fibroblast fill in gaps left from injury by a process called__?

A

Fibrosis

124
Q

tissue repair involves production of what?

A

Production of large quantities of protein, such as collagen; requires an adequate supply of amino acids to proceed

125
Q

Vitamin C is required by__to produce functional collagen

A

Fibroblast

Biology 181 (11 decks)

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