Terms for final lab exam Flashcards
medulla oblongata
contains some white matter that is involved in movement and sensation regulates homeostatic functions
pons
regulates breathing, reflexes, and sleep/wake cycle
midbrain
processes and routes visual and auditory stimuli to the thalamus carries motor fibers from the cerebral cortex monitors movement with the basal nuclei
Hypothalamus
regulates the automatic nervous system regulates sleep and wake cycle regulates thirst and hunger regulates body temperature produces hormones controls secretion from the pituitary gland
Thalamus
Controls information entry into the cerebral cortex edits, sorts and routes stimuli
cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movement
cerebral cortex substructure?
Primary motor cortex
Cerebral Cortex main function of primary cortex?
Plans and executes movement
Cerebral Cortex main function of primary somatosensory corticles?
Recieve and process different tyoes of sensory input
Cerebral cortex main function of mutlimodal association areas?
Integrate sensory and mother information from a variety of different primary corticles.
Corpus callosum
communication between upper and lower, left and and right hemisphere.
Cerebral coretx is __ and ___?
sensory, motor
white matter
liquid ventricle
Frontal lobe
Responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions
Parietal lobe
responsible for processing and integrating sensory functions
Temporal lobe
major auditory sensory
occipital lobe
process info related to vision
Precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
post central gyrus
sensory area
longitudinal fissure
where the two hemispheres of the brain seperate
Cranial nerve 1
Olfactory
Cranial nerve ll
Optic
Cranial nerve V
trigeminal
Cranial nerve Vll
facial
Iris
The colored portion of the eye, is the extension of the vascular layer just anterior to the ciliary body.
fibrous layer of the eye has two parts
the cornea and the sclera
Sclera
the white part of the eye, internal and external forces help it maintain its shape.
Cornea
is translucent, which allows it to admit light into the eye and focusing it.
Choriod
contains many tiny blood vessels called capillaries as well as a pigment to reduce the scattering of light.
*camera flash bounces off the choriod and prodcues red eyes in photos.
Lens
(behind iris) focuses light on the retina from objects near the eye
Retina
the innermost layer of the eyeball. contains photoreceptors that detect the presence of light and produce a neural signal.
Ciliary body
contains a ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the lens. Fine threads called suspensory ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lens; contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle changes the shape of the lens to focus light on the retina.
Fovea Centralis
Area in the retina that contains a high density of photoreceptors. This allows for detailed vision.
optic disc
portion of the retina that does not contain any photoreceptors. This area does not caputure any images and is called the blind spot.
Auricle
aka pinna, consist of elastic cartilage covered with skin, except for the lobule ( common area where ears are pierced).
External auditory
a slightly curved tunnel through the temporal bone that ends at the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Tympanic membrane
(ear drum) thin sheet of epithelium and connective tiddue that seperates the outer ear from the middle ear.
enables energy of sound waves to reach the inner ear.
Auditory ossicles
located in the middle ear. where the smallest bones in the body are located. The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
The amplify and convert sound waves in the air into fluid movement.
Auditory tube
serves to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Opens briefly when we yawn or swallow
Semicircular canals
the ducts in the canal can detect rotational movement of the head in any plane.
Vestibule
located medial to the middlle ear. Houses the utricle and the saccule which contain receptor cells that convey stimuli about head tilting and linear movement.
Cochlea
features a membrane- covered opening called the round window, which seperates the middle and inner ear
basal membrane
composed of collagenous connective tissue that is connected to a small shelf of bone projecting from the wall of the bony labyrinth.
Its a nqrrow and stiff near the base of the cochlea, but as it nears the tip, it widens and becomes more flexable.
Tectorial membrane
extends over the hair cells and “sandwhiches” them between the basilar and tectorial membrane.
The stereocilia on the outer hair cells contact the tectorial
After the hair cells transduce the energy from sound waves into neural signals, these signals travel into the CNS along the … (5)
- Auditory signal travels through axons of the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nuclei at the medulla-pons junction.
- Axons from the cochlear nuclei contact the superior olivary nucleus in the pons. Neurons in the superior olivary nucleus compare information from both ears to determine the location of the sound.
- Auditory stimuli are then sent to the inferior colliculus of the midbrain.
- The auditory stimuli are relayed to the medial genniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
- The thalamus sends signals to the primary auditory cortex in the superior portion of the temporal lobe.
Masseter
elevates the mandible
Buccinator
helps manipulate food (blowing a trumpet, or whistling)
Temporalis
elevates and retracts the mandible.
Occipitofrontalis
pulls scalp posteriorly
Orbicularis oculi
closes eye, pulls skin around the eye
orbicularis oris
closes and protrudes lips (pucker lips for a kiss)
sternocleidomastoid
flex head (chin to chest and rotates head)
Sternohyoid
depresses hyoid bone and larynx
Thyrohyoid
depresses hyoid, may elevate larynx
Gluteus maximus
extends, rotates, and abducts the thigh
Rectus femoris
Extends knee; flexes the thigh
Vastus lateralis
extends knee; stabilizes the patella
Vastus medialis
extends knee and stablizes the patella
sartorius
Flexes thigh and knee; abducts and latteraly rotates thigh
biceps femoris
extends thigh; flexes the knee
Tibilais anterior
dorsi flexes and inverts the foot
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
exerts foot; plantar flexes foot
Gastrocnemius
plantar flexes the foot; assist in flexing the knee
Soleus
plantar flexes the foot
rectus abdominis
flexes th trunk; compresses abdominal cavity
external and internal oblique
flexes and laterally bends the trunk
Transversus abdominis
compresses abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
flattens to lower thoroic cavity to increase and decrease pressure
Longissimus
(muscle in the vertebral column) extends to maintain posture
trapezius
elevates scapula
pectorialis minor
protracts and depresses scapula
serratus anterior
prime mover of scapula; protraction; upward rotation of scapula
Levator scapulae
elevates scapula
Rhomboideus major
retracts scapula
Pectoralis major
flexes and abducts the arm; rotates arm medially
Latissimus dorsi
adducts, extends, and rotates are medially
deltoid
abducts, flexes, and extends the arm
Teres major
adducts, extends, and rotates arm medially
Teres minor
laterally roates humerous; stabilizes shoulder joint
biceps brachii
flexes the elbow, suspends forearm
Brachialis
flexes elbow (Prime mover)
triceps brachii
extends elbow
