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Biology 181 > ch.10 > Flashcards

ch.10 Flashcards

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1
Q

three types of muscles?

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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2
Q

what is the basic function of muscles? (6)

A
  1. muscle tension
  2. create movement
  3. maintain posture
  4. stabilize joints
  5. generate heat
  6. regulate flow of materials through hollow organs
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3
Q

which muscles have visible striations?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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4
Q

how are muscle cells arranged to one another?

A

parallel

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5
Q

why are skeletal muscles known as fibers?

A

due to their length and appearance

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6
Q

striated muscle tissue are found attached by __ to the skeleton.

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

how are cardiac muscle cells structured?

A

shirt and highly branched.

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8
Q

Intercalated disc

A

join adjacent cells

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9
Q

intercalated disc contain what?

A

gap junctions and desmosomes(modified tight junctions) that unite the cells and permit them to coordinate contract

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10
Q

which muscles do not have striations?

A

smooth muscles

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11
Q

how are smooth muscle cells structured?

A

long and flat with “spindle shaped) pointed ends and a single centrally located nucleus

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12
Q

where can smooth muscles be found?

A

In most hollow organs in the eye, skin, and some glandular ducts.

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13
Q

how are many smooth muscles linked?

A

by gap junctions to allow synchronized contractions

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14
Q

what are the properties of muscles cells? (3)

A
  1. contractility
  2. Excitability
  3. Conductivity
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15
Q

Contractility

A

the ability to contract where proteins in the cell draw closer together

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16
Q

Excitability

A

the ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus

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17
Q

conductivity

A

the ability of a cell to conduct electrical changes across the entire plasma membrane

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18
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability of cell that allows it to be stretch without rupturing. ( up to 3 times their resting length)

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19
Q

elasticity

A

the ability of a cell that allows it to return to its original length after it has been stretched

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20
Q

myocytes, or muscle cells, are described using special terminology such as (3)

A
  1. Sarcoplasm
  2. Sarcolemma
  3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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21
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

the myocyte’s cytoplasm

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22
Q

sarcolemma

A

the myocytes plasma membrane

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23
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

is a modified endoplasmic recticulm that forms a weblike network surrounding the myofibrils

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24
Q

transverse tubules

A

are deep inward extensions that surround each myofibril

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25
Q

t-tubules are filled with?

A

extracellular fluid

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26
Q

each myofibril is made of hundred to thousands of myofilaments, which consist of one or more of the following types of proteins… (3)

A
  1. contractile proteins (generate tension)
  2. Regulatory proteins ( that dictate when a fiber may contract)
  3. Structural proteins (maintain alignment and fiber stability.
27
Q

what are the three types of myofilaments

A
  1. Thick filaments
  2. Thin filaments
  3. elastic filaments
28
Q

thick filaments

A

composed of the contractile protein myosin

29
Q

thin filaments

A

composed of the protein actin tropomyosin, and troponin

30
Q

elastic filaments

A

composed of single spring like protein called titin that stabilizes and resists excessive stretching force

31
Q

each myosin has ___ at each end linked by __ tails

A

globular heads

interwining

32
Q

how are myosin head connected to the tails

A

by a hinge like neck

33
Q

Thin filament: multiple actin

A

subunits string together like beads in the thin filament

34
Q

Think filament: tropmyosin

A

long, rope like regulatory protein that twist around actin, covering up its active sites

35
Q

thin filaments: troponin

A

is a small globular regulatory protein that holds tropomyosin in place and assists with turning contractions on and off

36
Q

DMD

A

Degenerative muscular disease occurring almost exclusively in boys

37
Q

how is DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) caused

A

by a defective gene for the protein dystrophin, coded on the X chromosome.

38
Q

protein Dystrophin

A

is a structural protein found in striated muscle fibers that anchors the sarcolemma to the surrounding connective tissue and to the myofibrils

39
Q

What happens in the absence of normal dystrophin

A

the sarcolemma breaks down and the muscle fiber is destroyed and replaced with fatter and fibrous connective tissue

40
Q

What are the symptoms of DMD

A

from btwn the age of 2 and 12..

weakness of the proximal limb muscles and a waddling gait

generally wheelchaired by 12 and dead from respiratory cardiac failure by age 20

41
Q

multiple muscle fibers form a ..?

A

fasicle

42
Q

each fasicicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called

A

perimysium

43
Q

what makes up a skeletal muscle?

A

bundles of fascicles which is surrounded by the epimysium, a connective tissue layer

44
Q

The perimysium and epimysium comes together at the end of the muscle to form a ___?

A

a tendon, that binds the muscle to its attaching structure (usually bone)

45
Q

what muscles are enclosed in a thick layer of connective tissue called fascia?

A

skeletal muscles

46
Q

what does fascia do?

A

anchors them to the surrounding tissues and holds groups of muscles together

47
Q

striations appear microscopically as alternating …? (2)

A

light bands, where only think filaments are found

dark bands, where both thin and thick filaments are found.

48
Q

Dark and light areas of striations include the following specific regions

A

The I band (in light, mnemonic)which is composed only of thin filaments

That a band (in dark mnemonic) contains the zone of overlap, the region where we find both thick and thin filaments and where tension is generated during contraction

49
Q

The Z disc is found in the middle of the Iband and is composed of structural proteins.. (3)

A
  1. Anchor the thin filaments in place and to one another
  2. serve as attachment points for elastic filaments
  3. Attached myofibrils to one another across the entire diameter of the muscle fiber
50
Q

Where is the H zone in the dark and light areas of striations specific regions

A

In the middle of the a band where only thick filaments exist

51
Q

Where is the M line located in the dark and light areas of striations specific regions

A

That M line is a dark line in the middle of the a band made up of structural proteins that hold the thick filaments in place and serve as an anchoring points for elastic vitamins

52
Q

Membrane potentials

A

Are due to an unequal distribution of ions near the plasma membrane resulting in a polarized resting state

53
Q

A thin layer of negatively charged ions exist where

A

In the cytosol on the inside of the cell while a thin layer of positively charged ions exist on the outside of the cell

54
Q

Go back to slides 39 42n43

A

..

55
Q

The membrane potential of a cell is the___that exist across the plasma membrane

A

Electrical potential

56
Q

Voltage

A

A difference in charge (potential) between two points

57
Q

Because the potential across the sarcolemma is small it is measured in a unit called

A

Millivolt

58
Q

Resting membrane potential’s

A

Change only when the barrier to ion movement is removed from the plasma membrane

Sodium and potassium ions can then move through the sarcolemma using protein channels and carriers

They will only move by the fusion if a gradient exist between two regions

59
Q

How does the concentration gradient maintained by the sodium/phosphate pump

A

The pump moves three sodium ions outs and two phosphate ions into the cell, per ATP hydrolyzed

ATP Hydrolysis is necessary because this pump moves the ions against a concentration gradient

This creates a high concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid while the concentration in the cytosol remains lower

This creates a high concentration of phosphate in the cytosol why the concentration in the extracellular fluid remains lower

60
Q

Why are the sodium/phosphate ATP Ase pumps critical

A

Because they provide much of the driving force for the passive diffusion of sodium and potassium ions to membrane channels

61
Q

Action potentials

A

brief changes in the membrane potential of a cell from a resting negative value to a positive value then back to its resting negative value

These changes can be used to electrically communicate with and sometimes stimulate a response from other cells

62
Q

Gated channels

A

Contain gates that are normally closed and open only in response to some sort of stimulus

63
Q

Action potentials are generated by opening two types of gated ion channels in the plasma membrane such as

A

Ligand – gated channels (chemically gated) open response to the presence of a chemical or ligand

Voltage – gated channels opens and closes in response to changes in the membrane potential of the plasma membrane

Biology 181 (11 decks)

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