Ch.3 Cells Flashcards
Plasma Membrane
“fence”
- provides structural support
- communication with cells
- cell identification
- separates ECF from Cytosol
Centrosome
acts as a microtubule- organizing center for the cells cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm consist of? (3)
- cytosol
- organelles
- cystoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
helps maintain structure and hold organelles in place
Nucleus
contains of the the DNA and produces RNA
what is DNA called?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
what is RNA called ?
Ribonucleic Acid
what do blood cells do?
carry oxygen throughout the blood
what do nerve cells do?
contact and interact with many cells, so they must have long extensions to reach them
what does the skeletal muscle cell do?
enables cells to contact and generate movement
Mitochondria
production of ATP
What are some facts about the Mitochondria? (4)
- contains its own DNA
- Has it own ribosomes
- 13 proteins are encoded within the mitochondria
- uses oxygen
Peroxisomes
uses oxygen to oxidize and strip hydrogen atoms off certain organic molecules to produce hydrogen peroxide
what is the purpose of Hydrogen Peroxide?
- oxidizing toxic substances
- breaking down fatty acids
- synthesizing certain phospholipids
What are the basic processes comments also types (four)
Cell metabolism
transport of substances
communication
cell production
Cell metabolism
Some of all chemical reactions that a cell carries out to maintain life
Anabolic reactions
Building reactions; small molecules are bonded together to form back to macromolecules
Catabolic reactions
Breakdown macro molecules it back into smaller molecules
Oxidation reduction
Reactions convert energy and chemical bonds of nutrients into form of energy so can use to feel its processes namely ATP
Transport
Transport Substances cells have produced or ingested to a variety of destinations
Communication (basic processes of cells)
Communication between cell and if so if it’s surrounding environment and other cells is carried out by various methods including chemical and electrical signals
Cell reproduction (basic processes of cells)
So reproduction by cell division is a process that is necessary for growth and development and for replacement of old and damaged cells
Most animal cells have three basic components such as…
Plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
Plasma membrane
Surrounds each cell, isolating it’s internal structure and processes from external environment
What does the plasma membrane provide
Provides cell with the structural support means of communication with its surroundings and other cells and cell identification
Cytosol
Intracellular fluid mostly water with the soft solids inclusions or storage molecules and proteins it is the site of many important chemical reactions
Organelles
Variety of cellular machines with very specific functions suspended in cytosol served a separate potentially damaging chemical reactions from surrounding cell structures
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments maintain shape ,holds organelles in place, provides a means of transportation for substances within the cell
What does DNA and RNA do?
Control more specific organelle functions by coding for and synthesizing proteins
Fluid mosaic model
Describes plasma membrane as dynamic fluid structure with multiple components some with ability to move within a bilayer as phospholipids move themselves
Membrane proteins
A main components of plasma membrane’s existence two basic types
Are the two basic types of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins- spanning tire plasma membrane also called transmembrane proteins
Peripheral proteins- are found only on one side of plasma membrane or other
What are the functions of the membrane proteins
Transport substances across the plasma membrane as protein channels; other are carrier proteins that directly bind and transport substances into and out of cell
Receptors that binds to chemical Messengers called Ligands ; trigger sequence of events within cell when bound
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions vital to maintaining homeostasis
Structural support
Link adjacent cells to one another anchoring cells within us tissue and or allowing cell to cell communication
G
What are other components of the plasma membrane?
Lipids ,carbohydrates, glycolipids and glycoproteins
cholesterol
Lipid molecule stabilizes plasma membrane structure during temperature changes
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
Carbohydrate bound to either liquid or protein respectively serve to identify sell as part of the body and for cell recognition
Agonist (drug)
Mimic ligand actions by stimulating receptor
example narcotic painkillers such as morphine mimic actions of endorphins
Antagonist (drug)
Inhibit Ligands action by blocking receptor
example antihistamines black receptors for histamine
What are passive transport processes (two)
Defusion
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
osmosis
Diffusion
Movement of solute molecules from high to low concentration moving down or with his concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
Simple diffusion
Mostly nonpolar solutes like oxygen carbon dioxide lipids and hydrocarbon Pass straight through phospholipid bilayer without need for membrane protein
Facilitated diffusion
Involves charged or polar solutes such as ions and glucose cross phospholipid bilayer with help of the membrane protein
Osmosis
Water moves from area with lower concentration of solute in across the membrane to an area with higher concentration of solute
AquaPorins
Primary channel route for a spouses of water
Tonicity
Wait to compare osmotic pressure gradient between 2 solutes- cytosol and ECF
What are two types of tonicity
Hypertonic and hypotonic
Hypertonic ECF
Solute concentration of ECF is higher than inside cell; more water molecules inside the cell then the outside; osmotic pressure gradient pulls water out of the cell and cell shrinks or cremates
Hypotonic ECF
Solute concentration of ECS is lower than inside so more water molecules and ECF then inside the cell osmotic pressure gradient pulls water into the cell causing the south swell and possibly rupture
Sport drinks
A mixture of water and electrolytes and carbohydrates are hypotonic drinking them helps replenish water that was lost making ECF mildly hypotonic to cells, causes water to move back into sales to normal status of presentation is restored
Plain water
Rehydrates just as well but care must be taken in severe dehydration water can rehydrate cells too quickly or over hydrate
results in cellular swelling and possibly water poisoning water is hypotonic
What are three types of pumps found in the plasma membrane
Uniport
symports
anti-port
Uniport
transport a single substance to Plasma membrane in one direction either into or out of the cell
Symport
Transport two or more substances through plasma membrane in same direction either into or out of the cell
Anti-port
Transports two or more substances in opposite directions to plasma membrane
Primary active transport
Involves pump in plasma membrane that binds and transports saw you against its concentration gradient using energy from Hydrolysis of ATP
Sodium potassium pump
Vital for maintenance of sodium and potassium concentration gradient homeostasis
Secondary active transport
Uses ATP indirectly too fuel a transport pump
ATP is used to create and maintain a concentration gradient of one substance
Vesicles
Are small sacs filled with large molecules too big to transport by other means
Vesicles are enclosed where?
In a phospholipid Byler allowing them to fuse with or be formed from Plasma membrane or other membrane bound organelles
endocytosis – phagocytosis
(Cell eating) process where cells and ingest large part particles like bacteria or dead or damage cells are parts of cells
Endocytosis – Pinocytosis
(Cell drinking) process where cells engolf fluid droplets from ECF
What are the two membranes in the mitochondria
Outer membrane -which has large channels that allow molecules from cytosol to enter inner membrane space (between two phospholipid bilayers)
inner membrane – more selective transports only necessary solutes into the matrix using specific transport proteins
Ribosomes
Tiny granular non-membrane bound organelles where proteins synthesis takes place
Endomembrane system
Form vesicles that exchange proteins and other molecules synthesized modify and package molecules produced within the cell
What organelles are components of the Endo membrane system
The plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do in the Endo membrane system
The ER is a large folded phospholipid Byler continuous with the nuclear envelope existence of forms roughy are which has ribosomes bound to it and smooth ER does not
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to membrane
Most proteins that answer the rough ER are transported out of the cell packages secretory proteins into transport vesicles made of phospholipid bilayer sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing
Produces membrane components for membrane-bound organelle and plasma membrane including and integral and peripheral proteins
Smooth ER
Has no role in protein synthesis
stores calcium ions by pumping them out of the cytosol for future use
capable of several detoxification reactions involved in lipid synthesis manufacturing majority of the membrane phospholipids and cholesterol as well as a number of lipoprotein’s and steroid hormones
GolGi apparatus
Located between rough ER and plasma membrane it is a group of flattened membrane sacs filled with enzymes and other molecules
Proteins and lipids made by ER a further modify stored and package for export
products packaged can be secreted from cell by exocytosis become part of the plasma membrane or sent to the lysosome
Happens and cystic fibrosis
Some cells are missing a protein components of a chloride ion channel
What are the results of cystic fibrosis
Results in abnormally thick mucus blocks airways causes digestive enzyme deficiency and very salty sweat
Lysosomes
Responsible for digestion of worn out cell components or whole cells in some cases
What do lysosomes contain
Digestive enzymes called Acid hydrolases
Order of events involving Endo membrane system functions (6)
Smooth ER makes lipids
Rough ER makes proteins
(Each product is packaged into vesicles for transport to GOLGi
Vesicles may be sent to lysosomes where they undergo catabolic reactions
Vesicles may be incorporated into plasma membrane or membrane of any other organelles in cell
Vesicles may be sent to the plasma membrane where they are secreted by exocytosis out of the cell
What are some diseases resulting from deficiency of one or more acid hydrolases of lysosomes? (4)
Gauchers disease
Tay-Sachs disease
Hurler syndrome
Niemann-pick disease
Gaucher’s disease
Deficiency causes accumulation of glycolipids in blood, spleen, liver, lungs, bone, and sometimes brain; most of your form is fatal in infancy or early childbirth
Tay-Sachs disease
Glycolipids accumulate in brain lysosomes, leading to progressive Neural dysfunction and just by age 4–5
Hurlers syndrome
Large polysaccharides accumulate in many cells (heart, liver, brain); death can result in childhood from organ damage
Niemann- Pick disease
Lipids occasionally and lysosomes of spleen, liver, brain, lungs, and bone marrow; severe form causes organ damage and neural dysfunction
What are the types of filaments found in the cytoskeleton
Actin filaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
Actin filaments
Support the plasma membrane
form the core of microvilli
involved in cell motion and cell division
Intermediate filaments
For the framework of the cell
support the shape and size of the organelles and nucleus,
provide cell strength,
help cell to withstand mechanical stress
Microtubules
Supports the cell,
maintain the position of organelles,
associate with motor proteins that movie vesicles and organelles throughout the cell,
form the core of cilia and flagella
What are the three cellular extensions formed by the inner framework of the cytoskeleton
Microvilli
cilia
flagella
Microvilli
Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane with actin filament core to help maintain shape
Cilia
Hair-like projections composed of microtubules and motor proteins
move in unison to propel substances pass the cells
Flagella
Found only on sperm cells
What is a rare genetic disorder characterized by defeat in one or more protein component of Celia and flagella
Ciliary dyskinesia
Ciliary dyskinesia affects what types of cells?
Affects many types of cells; respiratory passage lighting, middle ear, uterine tubes (female), sperm (males)
What happens in Ciliary dyskinesia
Leads to buildup of mucus in the lungs; increases risk of infection; progressive damage due to repeated infections and mucous plugs
repeated ear infections may lead to hearing loss
males maybe infertile due to lack of sperm motility
Chromatin
Consist of one extremely long DNA molecule and is associated proteins; organize and fold molecule to conserve space
Nucleosome
Strands of DNA coiled around a group of histone proteins; appears like beads on a string
During periods of cell division chromatin threads coil tightly and condense in cystic structures called
Chromosomes
Human cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes
23
Sister chromatids
Identical copies of each chromosome; made in preparation for cell division; connected to one another at region called centromere
Protein synthesis
Process of manufacturing proteins from DNA blueprints using RNA
Gene expression
Production of protein from specific gene
What are two processes that make specific protein
Transcription and translation
Transcription
Process where Gene for specific protein is copied; creating messenger RNA; Exits through nuclear pore
Translation
Occurs inside of Cytosol, mRNA Binds with the risers am initiating synthesis of a polypeptide consisting of a specific sequence of amino acids
What is the process of protein synthesis in order
DNA
Mutations
Changes in DNA due to mistakes and copying DNA or induced by agents called mutagens
What is the process through which mRNA is made
Transcription
Strands of mRNA contains the
Instructions to build a protein
Protein synthesis is also called
Translation
During translation the language of __ is translated into the language of__?
Nucleotides, amino acids
Amino acids are added to the growing protein during translation by a ___Bond.
Peptide
List the events of protein synthesis in correct order
Transcription, RNA processing in transit, translation, Post translational modification
Benign tumor
Confined to its original location and is not invade surrounding tissues; may grow extremely large
Malignant tumor
Made up of cancer cells; example renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer cells)
Cells from malignant tumors are able to spread into other tissues which can cause widespread tissue destruction and may result in death is called__
Metastasis
