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Biology 181 > Ch.3 Cells > Flashcards

Ch.3 Cells Flashcards

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0
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

“fence”

  • provides structural support
  • communication with cells
  • cell identification
  • separates ECF from Cytosol
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1
Q

Centrosome

A

acts as a microtubule- organizing center for the cells cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Cytoplasm consist of? (3)

A
  • cytosol
  • organelles
  • cystoskeleton
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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

helps maintain structure and hold organelles in place

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

contains of the the DNA and produces RNA

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5
Q

what is DNA called?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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6
Q

what is RNA called ?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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7
Q

what do blood cells do?

A

carry oxygen throughout the blood

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8
Q

what do nerve cells do?

A

contact and interact with many cells, so they must have long extensions to reach them

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9
Q

what does the skeletal muscle cell do?

A

enables cells to contact and generate movement

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

production of ATP

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11
Q

What are some facts about the Mitochondria? (4)

A
  1. contains its own DNA
  2. Has it own ribosomes
  3. 13 proteins are encoded within the mitochondria
  4. uses oxygen
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12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

uses oxygen to oxidize and strip hydrogen atoms off certain organic molecules to produce hydrogen peroxide

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13
Q

what is the purpose of Hydrogen Peroxide?

A
  1. oxidizing toxic substances
  2. breaking down fatty acids
  3. synthesizing certain phospholipids
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14
Q

What are the basic processes comments also types (four)

A

Cell metabolism
transport of substances
communication
cell production

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15
Q

Cell metabolism

A

Some of all chemical reactions that a cell carries out to maintain life

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16
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Building reactions; small molecules are bonded together to form back to macromolecules

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17
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Breakdown macro molecules it back into smaller molecules

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18
Q

Oxidation reduction

A

Reactions convert energy and chemical bonds of nutrients into form of energy so can use to feel its processes namely ATP

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19
Q

Transport

A

Transport Substances cells have produced or ingested to a variety of destinations

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20
Q

Communication (basic processes of cells)

A

Communication between cell and if so if it’s surrounding environment and other cells is carried out by various methods including chemical and electrical signals

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21
Q

Cell reproduction (basic processes of cells)

A

So reproduction by cell division is a process that is necessary for growth and development and for replacement of old and damaged cells

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22
Q

Most animal cells have three basic components such as…

A

Plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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23
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Surrounds each cell, isolating it’s internal structure and processes from external environment

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24
Q

What does the plasma membrane provide

A

Provides cell with the structural support means of communication with its surroundings and other cells and cell identification

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25
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid mostly water with the soft solids inclusions or storage molecules and proteins it is the site of many important chemical reactions

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26
Q

Organelles

A

Variety of cellular machines with very specific functions suspended in cytosol served a separate potentially damaging chemical reactions from surrounding cell structures

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27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments maintain shape ,holds organelles in place, provides a means of transportation for substances within the cell

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28
Q

What does DNA and RNA do?

A

Control more specific organelle functions by coding for and synthesizing proteins

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29
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Describes plasma membrane as dynamic fluid structure with multiple components some with ability to move within a bilayer as phospholipids move themselves

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30
Q

Membrane proteins

A

A main components of plasma membrane’s existence two basic types

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31
Q

Are the two basic types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins- spanning tire plasma membrane also called transmembrane proteins

Peripheral proteins- are found only on one side of plasma membrane or other

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32
Q

What are the functions of the membrane proteins

A

Transport substances across the plasma membrane as protein channels; other are carrier proteins that directly bind and transport substances into and out of cell

Receptors that binds to chemical Messengers called Ligands ; trigger sequence of events within cell when bound

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions vital to maintaining homeostasis

Structural support

Link adjacent cells to one another anchoring cells within us tissue and or allowing cell to cell communication

G

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33
Q

What are other components of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipids ,carbohydrates, glycolipids and glycoproteins

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34
Q

cholesterol

A

Lipid molecule stabilizes plasma membrane structure during temperature changes

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35
Q

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrate bound to either liquid or protein respectively serve to identify sell as part of the body and for cell recognition

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36
Q

Agonist (drug)

A

Mimic ligand actions by stimulating receptor

example narcotic painkillers such as morphine mimic actions of endorphins

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37
Q

Antagonist (drug)

A

Inhibit Ligands action by blocking receptor

example antihistamines black receptors for histamine

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38
Q

What are passive transport processes (two)

A

Defusion

  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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39
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solute molecules from high to low concentration moving down or with his concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

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40
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Mostly nonpolar solutes like oxygen carbon dioxide lipids and hydrocarbon Pass straight through phospholipid bilayer without need for membrane protein

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41
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Involves charged or polar solutes such as ions and glucose cross phospholipid bilayer with help of the membrane protein

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42
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves from area with lower concentration of solute in across the membrane to an area with higher concentration of solute

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43
Q

AquaPorins

A

Primary channel route for a spouses of water

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44
Q

Tonicity

A

Wait to compare osmotic pressure gradient between 2 solutes- cytosol and ECF

45
Q

What are two types of tonicity

A

Hypertonic and hypotonic

46
Q

Hypertonic ECF

A

Solute concentration of ECF is higher than inside cell; more water molecules inside the cell then the outside; osmotic pressure gradient pulls water out of the cell and cell shrinks or cremates

47
Q

Hypotonic ECF

A

Solute concentration of ECS is lower than inside so more water molecules and ECF then inside the cell osmotic pressure gradient pulls water into the cell causing the south swell and possibly rupture

48
Q

Sport drinks

A

A mixture of water and electrolytes and carbohydrates are hypotonic drinking them helps replenish water that was lost making ECF mildly hypotonic to cells, causes water to move back into sales to normal status of presentation is restored

49
Q

Plain water

A

Rehydrates just as well but care must be taken in severe dehydration water can rehydrate cells too quickly or over hydrate

results in cellular swelling and possibly water poisoning water is hypotonic

50
Q

What are three types of pumps found in the plasma membrane

A

Uniport
symports
anti-port

51
Q

Uniport

A

transport a single substance to Plasma membrane in one direction either into or out of the cell

52
Q

Symport

A

Transport two or more substances through plasma membrane in same direction either into or out of the cell

53
Q

Anti-port

A

Transports two or more substances in opposite directions to plasma membrane

54
Q

Primary active transport

A

Involves pump in plasma membrane that binds and transports saw you against its concentration gradient using energy from Hydrolysis of ATP

55
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Vital for maintenance of sodium and potassium concentration gradient homeostasis

56
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses ATP indirectly too fuel a transport pump

ATP is used to create and maintain a concentration gradient of one substance

57
Q

Vesicles

A

Are small sacs filled with large molecules too big to transport by other means

58
Q

Vesicles are enclosed where?

A

In a phospholipid Byler allowing them to fuse with or be formed from Plasma membrane or other membrane bound organelles

59
Q

endocytosis – phagocytosis

A

(Cell eating) process where cells and ingest large part particles like bacteria or dead or damage cells are parts of cells

60
Q

Endocytosis – Pinocytosis

A

(Cell drinking) process where cells engolf fluid droplets from ECF

61
Q

What are the two membranes in the mitochondria

A

Outer membrane -which has large channels that allow molecules from cytosol to enter inner membrane space (between two phospholipid bilayers)

inner membrane – more selective transports only necessary solutes into the matrix using specific transport proteins

62
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny granular non-membrane bound organelles where proteins synthesis takes place

63
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Form vesicles that exchange proteins and other molecules synthesized modify and package molecules produced within the cell

64
Q

What organelles are components of the Endo membrane system

A

The plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER

65
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do in the Endo membrane system

A

The ER is a large folded phospholipid Byler continuous with the nuclear envelope existence of forms roughy are which has ribosomes bound to it and smooth ER does not

66
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Ribosomes bound to membrane

Most proteins that answer the rough ER are transported out of the cell packages secretory proteins into transport vesicles made of phospholipid bilayer sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

Produces membrane components for membrane-bound organelle and plasma membrane including and integral and peripheral proteins

67
Q

Smooth ER

A

Has no role in protein synthesis

stores calcium ions by pumping them out of the cytosol for future use

capable of several detoxification reactions involved in lipid synthesis manufacturing majority of the membrane phospholipids and cholesterol as well as a number of lipoprotein’s and steroid hormones

68
Q

GolGi apparatus

A

Located between rough ER and plasma membrane it is a group of flattened membrane sacs filled with enzymes and other molecules

Proteins and lipids made by ER a further modify stored and package for export

products packaged can be secreted from cell by exocytosis become part of the plasma membrane or sent to the lysosome

69
Q

Happens and cystic fibrosis

A

Some cells are missing a protein components of a chloride ion channel

70
Q

What are the results of cystic fibrosis

A

Results in abnormally thick mucus blocks airways causes digestive enzyme deficiency and very salty sweat

71
Q

Lysosomes

A

Responsible for digestion of worn out cell components or whole cells in some cases

72
Q

What do lysosomes contain

A

Digestive enzymes called Acid hydrolases

73
Q

Order of events involving Endo membrane system functions (6)

A

Smooth ER makes lipids

Rough ER makes proteins

(Each product is packaged into vesicles for transport to GOLGi

Vesicles may be sent to lysosomes where they undergo catabolic reactions

Vesicles may be incorporated into plasma membrane or membrane of any other organelles in cell

Vesicles may be sent to the plasma membrane where they are secreted by exocytosis out of the cell

74
Q

What are some diseases resulting from deficiency of one or more acid hydrolases of lysosomes? (4)

A

Gauchers disease

Tay-Sachs disease

Hurler syndrome

Niemann-pick disease

75
Q

Gaucher’s disease

A

Deficiency causes accumulation of glycolipids in blood, spleen, liver, lungs, bone, and sometimes brain; most of your form is fatal in infancy or early childbirth

76
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Glycolipids accumulate in brain lysosomes, leading to progressive Neural dysfunction and just by age 4–5

77
Q

Hurlers syndrome

A

Large polysaccharides accumulate in many cells (heart, liver, brain); death can result in childhood from organ damage

78
Q

Niemann- Pick disease

A

Lipids occasionally and lysosomes of spleen, liver, brain, lungs, and bone marrow; severe form causes organ damage and neural dysfunction

79
Q

What are the types of filaments found in the cytoskeleton

A

Actin filaments

intermediate filaments

microtubules

80
Q

Actin filaments

A

Support the plasma membrane

form the core of microvilli

involved in cell motion and cell division

81
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

For the framework of the cell

support the shape and size of the organelles and nucleus,

provide cell strength,

help cell to withstand mechanical stress

82
Q

Microtubules

A

Supports the cell,

maintain the position of organelles,

associate with motor proteins that movie vesicles and organelles throughout the cell,

form the core of cilia and flagella

83
Q

What are the three cellular extensions formed by the inner framework of the cytoskeleton

A

Microvilli

cilia

flagella

84
Q

Microvilli

A

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane with actin filament core to help maintain shape

85
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections composed of microtubules and motor proteins

move in unison to propel substances pass the cells

86
Q

Flagella

A

Found only on sperm cells

87
Q

What is a rare genetic disorder characterized by defeat in one or more protein component of Celia and flagella

A

Ciliary dyskinesia

88
Q

Ciliary dyskinesia affects what types of cells?

A

Affects many types of cells; respiratory passage lighting, middle ear, uterine tubes (female), sperm (males)

89
Q

What happens in Ciliary dyskinesia

A

Leads to buildup of mucus in the lungs; increases risk of infection; progressive damage due to repeated infections and mucous plugs

repeated ear infections may lead to hearing loss

males maybe infertile due to lack of sperm motility

90
Q

Chromatin

A

Consist of one extremely long DNA molecule and is associated proteins; organize and fold molecule to conserve space

91
Q

Nucleosome

A

Strands of DNA coiled around a group of histone proteins; appears like beads on a string

92
Q

During periods of cell division chromatin threads coil tightly and condense in cystic structures called

A

Chromosomes

93
Q

Human cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes

A

23

94
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Identical copies of each chromosome; made in preparation for cell division; connected to one another at region called centromere

95
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Process of manufacturing proteins from DNA blueprints using RNA

96
Q

Gene expression

A

Production of protein from specific gene

97
Q

What are two processes that make specific protein

A

Transcription and translation

98
Q

Transcription

A

Process where Gene for specific protein is copied; creating messenger RNA; Exits through nuclear pore

99
Q

Translation

A

Occurs inside of Cytosol, mRNA Binds with the risers am initiating synthesis of a polypeptide consisting of a specific sequence of amino acids

100
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis in order

A

DNA

101
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in DNA due to mistakes and copying DNA or induced by agents called mutagens

102
Q

What is the process through which mRNA is made

A

Transcription

103
Q

Strands of mRNA contains the

A

Instructions to build a protein

104
Q

Protein synthesis is also called

A

Translation

105
Q

During translation the language of __ is translated into the language of__?

A

Nucleotides, amino acids

106
Q

Amino acids are added to the growing protein during translation by a ___Bond.

A

Peptide

107
Q

List the events of protein synthesis in correct order

A

Transcription, RNA processing in transit, translation, Post translational modification

108
Q

Benign tumor

A

Confined to its original location and is not invade surrounding tissues; may grow extremely large

109
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Made up of cancer cells; example renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer cells)

110
Q

Cells from malignant tumors are able to spread into other tissues which can cause widespread tissue destruction and may result in death is called__

A

Metastasis

Biology 181 (11 decks)

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