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MSK Test II > The Integument > Flashcards

The Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integument?

A

Protection
Sensation, excretion
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis

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2
Q

Where is the hypodermis located?

A

Directly inferior to the skin

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3
Q

What type of tissue is the Epidermis?

A

Keratinized simple squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis? (superficial to deep)

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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5
Q

What are the 4 types of cells present in the Epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Merkel cells
  4. Langerhans cells
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6
Q

What layer is present in thick skin, but absent in thin skin?

A

Stratum lucidum (clear staining!)

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7
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

Basically everywhere, widespread on body

Also found in glands and around hair follicles

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8
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Rougher areas
(Palms of skin, soles of feet)

Fingerprints

400-1400uM

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9
Q

What layer of the epidermis has a higher number of mitotically active cells?

A

Stratum Basale

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10
Q

What is the Stratum Basale composed of?

A

Singly layer of keratinocytes, with stem cells interspersed throughout the layer.

Contains melanin

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11
Q

How is the Stratum Basale bound apically?

How is it bound basally?

A

Apically: desmosomes

Basally: hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

What type of tissue is found underneath the stratum basale?

A

Dense irregular CT

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13
Q

Describe the general features of the stratum spinosum.

A
  • Several layers thick

- Polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes.

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14
Q

What layer of the epidermis increases in thickness due to corns or calluses?

A

Stratum spinosum

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15
Q

What is the thickest layer of non-keratinized portion of the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

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16
Q

In which layer of the epidermis does keratin synthesis start?

A

Stratum granulosum

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17
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis.

A

Thickest layer of non-keratinized cells

Keratinocytes have Keratohyalin granules

Irregular shape, variable size

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18
Q

What is a precursor for Filaggrin proteins?

A

Keratohyalin granules

Filaggrin assembles keratin into bundles

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19
Q

Describe the cells of the stratum corneum.

A

Anucleate cells, lose nucleus and organelles

Most superficial layer

Have plasma membrane coated in lipids (protective barrier against water)

Continuously shed

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20
Q

How many layers of thick skin are typically present?

A

15-40 layers

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21
Q

How many layers of think skin are typically present?

A

10-20 layers

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22
Q

What are cells of the stratum corneum almost entirely filled with?

A

Mature keratin

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23
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

Sub layer of the stratum corneum

Found in thick skin only

Typically poorly stained, translucent bands of cells

No organelles/ nuclei

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24
Q

What is the predominant cell in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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25
Q

What are the functions of keratinocytes?

A
  • Produce keratin
  • Epidermal water barrier
  • Produce cornified cells (full of keratin)
  • Undergo desquamation and keratinization
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26
Q

What cells synthesize intermediate (keratin) filaments?

A
  • Basal cells
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27
Q

What are bundles of fibers in the epithelium called?

A

Tonofibrils

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28
Q

What cells begin synthesis of keratohyalin granules and glycolipid-containing lamellar bodies?

A

Spinous cells

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29
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

Fatty based granules that are released from membrane to aid in water protection

30
Q

What determines the loss of organelles/ nuclei from the cells of the stratum corneum?

A

PH!

More superficial = pH decreases, cells develop new purpose and function.

31
Q

How to granular cells aid in keratinization?

A
  • Discharge lamellar bodies

- Have significant number of keratin

32
Q

What is the function of Filaggrin?

A

Promotes the creation of larger keratin fibers

33
Q

What initiates epidermis cell replacement?

A

Stem cell division in the Stratum basale

These cells move upwards as they differentiate into keratinized cells

34
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Produce melanin, transfer to keratinocytes

Neural crest cell based!

35
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

Pigment protection that protects nuclei from UV radiation.

36
Q

What is the Epidermal-melanin unit?

A

1 melanocyte + its associated keratinocytes to which it gives keratin to!

(1:36)

37
Q

What does pigment donation refer to?

A

Transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes

38
Q

What are the steps of melanin production?

A

Tyrosine is oxidized —> DOPA (dihydroxypheylalanine) —-> polymerized to melanin

Rxn occurs in membrane-bound organelles —-> makes pre-melanosomes

Melanosomes = “pigment packets”

39
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells that provide defense against pathogens

They present antigens, and assist in activated T-lymphocytes

40
Q

What are Langerhans cells derived from?

A

Monocyte precursor

41
Q

In what layer of the epidermis are Langerhans cells identifiable?

A

Stratum spinosum

Pale cytoplasm with long processes

42
Q

What are Merkel Cells? Where are they found?

A

Cells responsible for cutaneous sensation

Associated with nerve endings

Provide sensory perception

Found in stratum basale

43
Q

Merkel cell Carcinoma (MCC)

A

Rare but very aggressive

Uncontrolled proliferation of merkel cells

44
Q

Melanoma

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes

45
Q

Dermal-Epidermal Junction

A

Uneven boundary (except in thinnest skin)

Finger like projections of dermis into epidermis = dermal papillae

Epidermal protrusions = epidermal ridges

Teeth that prevent separation of epidermis from dermis!

46
Q

Where might dermal ridges be thicker?

A

Fingerprints

Sites of mechanical stress

47
Q

What makes dermal-epidermal junctions tighter?

A

Hemidesmosomes

48
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

Reticular Layer

49
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A
  • Loose CT immediately behind the epidermis

Thin collagen fibers, elastin fibers, dermal papilla and ridges

Has vasculature

50
Q

Describe the reticular layer

A

Layer below the papillary layer

  • Thicker, less cellular than papillary

Irregular bundles of type I collagen and coarse elastic fibers

51
Q

What are Langer’s lines, where are they found?

A

Regular lines of tension found in the Reticular layer of the dermis

**Surgically relevant: when you cut you want to cut along this line because it will promote wound healing

(I.e. in cesarin sections= horizontal incision)

52
Q

Where is the hypodermis found? What is its composition?

A

(A.k.a. Subcutaneous fascia)

  • Adipose tissue
  • Varies in thickness
  • Responsible for energy storing, insulation, etc.

Have hair follicles (arrector pilli)

53
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

Where are they found?
How do they look?
What do they do?

A

Found in DERMIS

Tapered cylinders oriented perpendicular to the surface

Touch receptors responsive to low-frequency stimuli

(Braile)

54
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Dermis, Hypodermis
(Fingertips, joints, periosteum, internal organs)

Large, onion looking!!!!!

Deeper pressure + vibration

Consists of a myelinated nerve ending + capsule

55
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

Stratum granulosum

Lack CT (thats why they’re “free”)

Responsive to the modalities: touch, heat, cold, pain

Sensitive to hair movement
Mechanoreceptors

56
Q

Merocrine Gland

A

Membrane-bound vesicles undergo exocytosis

57
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Secretion accumulates —> apoptosis to release debris

58
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Apical portion of the cell pinches off with the secretory molecules

(Mammary glands)

59
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Abundant on face and scalp

Produce SEBUM (Holocrine secretion)

Lubricates skin and hair associated with the follicles

60
Q

What does sebum form in the infundibulum? (Hair follicle)

A

Pilosebaceous canal

61
Q

What are the functions of sebum?

A

Lubricate skin
Waterproof skin

(Waxy mix of triglycerides + cholesterol)

62
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? (sweat glands)

A

Eccrine (merocrine)
- coiled glands all over body

Apocrine glands

  • axilla, nipple, anus, external genitalia
  • ear canal
63
Q

What sweat glands contribute to cooling of the skin?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

64
Q

What cells facilitate the expulsion of secretions in Eccrine sweat glands?

A

Myoepithelial cells

65
Q

What are the components of sweat?

A

Water, salt, ammonia, uric acid, mucinogen granules

66
Q

What kind of epithelium is an eccrin sweat gland composed of?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

67
Q

What kind of sweat gland uses merocrine secretion?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

68
Q

What type of epithelium makes up apocrine sweat glands?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

*Large-lumen, tubular glands

69
Q

Describe the secretion of apocrine sweat glands

A
  • Merocrine secretion

Secretes odorless secretions, until mixed with bacteria = body odor

Proteins, carbohydrates, ammonia-rich

70
Q

What type of regulation are apocrine sweat glans subject to?

A

Adrenergic regulation

  • Turn on when nervous or hot
71
Q

What kind of sweat gland is subject to cholinergic regulation?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

MSK Test II (11 decks)

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