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MSK Test II > The Integument > Flashcards

The Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integument?

A

Protection
Sensation, excretion
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis

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2
Q

Where is the hypodermis located?

A

Directly inferior to the skin

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3
Q

What type of tissue is the Epidermis?

A

Keratinized simple squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis? (superficial to deep)

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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5
Q

What are the 4 types of cells present in the Epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Merkel cells
  4. Langerhans cells
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6
Q

What layer is present in thick skin, but absent in thin skin?

A

Stratum lucidum (clear staining!)

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7
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

Basically everywhere, widespread on body

Also found in glands and around hair follicles

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8
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Rougher areas
(Palms of skin, soles of feet)

Fingerprints

400-1400uM

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9
Q

What layer of the epidermis has a higher number of mitotically active cells?

A

Stratum Basale

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10
Q

What is the Stratum Basale composed of?

A

Singly layer of keratinocytes, with stem cells interspersed throughout the layer.

Contains melanin

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11
Q

How is the Stratum Basale bound apically?

How is it bound basally?

A

Apically: desmosomes

Basally: hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

What type of tissue is found underneath the stratum basale?

A

Dense irregular CT

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13
Q

Describe the general features of the stratum spinosum.

A
  • Several layers thick

- Polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes.

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14
Q

What layer of the epidermis increases in thickness due to corns or calluses?

A

Stratum spinosum

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15
Q

What is the thickest layer of non-keratinized portion of the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

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16
Q

In which layer of the epidermis does keratin synthesis start?

A

Stratum granulosum

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17
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis.

A

Thickest layer of non-keratinized cells

Keratinocytes have Keratohyalin granules

Irregular shape, variable size

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18
Q

What is a precursor for Filaggrin proteins?

A

Keratohyalin granules

Filaggrin assembles keratin into bundles

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19
Q

Describe the cells of the stratum corneum.

A

Anucleate cells, lose nucleus and organelles

Most superficial layer

Have plasma membrane coated in lipids (protective barrier against water)

Continuously shed

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20
Q

How many layers of thick skin are typically present?

A

15-40 layers

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21
Q

How many layers of think skin are typically present?

A

10-20 layers

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22
Q

What are cells of the stratum corneum almost entirely filled with?

A

Mature keratin

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23
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

Sub layer of the stratum corneum

Found in thick skin only

Typically poorly stained, translucent bands of cells

No organelles/ nuclei

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24
Q

What is the predominant cell in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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25
What are the functions of keratinocytes?
- Produce keratin - Epidermal water barrier - Produce cornified cells (full of keratin) - Undergo desquamation and keratinization
26
What cells synthesize intermediate (keratin) filaments?
- Basal cells
27
What are bundles of fibers in the epithelium called?
Tonofibrils
28
What cells begin synthesis of keratohyalin granules and glycolipid-containing lamellar bodies?
Spinous cells
29
What are lamellar bodies?
Fatty based granules that are released from membrane to aid in water protection
30
What determines the loss of organelles/ nuclei from the cells of the stratum corneum?
PH! More superficial = pH decreases, cells develop new purpose and function.
31
How to granular cells aid in keratinization?
- Discharge lamellar bodies | - Have significant number of keratin
32
What is the function of Filaggrin?
Promotes the creation of larger keratin fibers
33
What initiates epidermis cell replacement?
Stem cell division in the Stratum basale These cells move upwards as they differentiate into keratinized cells
34
What is the function of melanocytes?
Produce melanin, transfer to keratinocytes | Neural crest cell based!
35
What is the function of melanin?
Pigment protection that protects nuclei from UV radiation.
36
What is the Epidermal-melanin unit?
1 melanocyte + its associated keratinocytes to which it gives keratin to! (1:36)
37
What does pigment donation refer to?
Transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes
38
What are the steps of melanin production?
Tyrosine is oxidized —> DOPA (dihydroxypheylalanine) —-> polymerized to melanin Rxn occurs in membrane-bound organelles —-> makes pre-melanosomes Melanosomes = “pigment packets”
39
What are Langerhans cells?
Antigen-presenting cells that provide defense against pathogens They present antigens, and assist in activated T-lymphocytes
40
What are Langerhans cells derived from?
Monocyte precursor
41
In what layer of the epidermis are Langerhans cells identifiable?
Stratum spinosum | Pale cytoplasm with long processes
42
What are Merkel Cells? Where are they found?
Cells responsible for cutaneous sensation Associated with nerve endings Provide sensory perception Found in stratum basale
43
Merkel cell Carcinoma (MCC)
Rare but very aggressive Uncontrolled proliferation of merkel cells
44
Melanoma
Uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes
45
Dermal-Epidermal Junction
Uneven boundary (except in thinnest skin) Finger like projections of dermis into epidermis = dermal papillae Epidermal protrusions = epidermal ridges **Teeth that prevent separation of epidermis from dermis!**
46
Where might dermal ridges be thicker?
Fingerprints Sites of mechanical stress
47
What makes dermal-epidermal junctions tighter?
Hemidesmosomes
48
What are the layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer | Reticular Layer
49
Describe the papillary layer
- Loose CT immediately behind the epidermis Thin collagen fibers, elastin fibers, dermal papilla and ridges Has vasculature
50
Describe the reticular layer
Layer below the papillary layer - Thicker, less cellular than papillary Irregular bundles of type I collagen and coarse elastic fibers
51
What are Langer’s lines, where are they found?
Regular lines of tension found in the Reticular layer of the dermis **Surgically relevant: when you cut you want to cut along this line because it will promote wound healing (I.e. in cesarin sections= horizontal incision)
52
Where is the hypodermis found? What is its composition?
(A.k.a. Subcutaneous fascia) - Adipose tissue - Varies in thickness - Responsible for energy storing, insulation, etc. Have hair follicles (arrector pilli)
53
Meissner’s Corpuscle Where are they found? How do they look? What do they do?
Found in DERMIS Tapered cylinders oriented perpendicular to the surface Touch receptors responsive to low-frequency stimuli (Braile)
54
Pacinian Corpuscle
Dermis, Hypodermis (Fingertips, joints, periosteum, internal organs) Large, onion looking!!!!! Deeper pressure + vibration Consists of a myelinated nerve ending + capsule
55
Free Nerve Endings
Stratum granulosum Lack CT (thats why they’re “free”) Responsive to the modalities: touch, heat, cold, pain Sensitive to hair movement Mechanoreceptors
56
Merocrine Gland
Membrane-bound vesicles undergo exocytosis
57
Holocrine glands
Secretion accumulates —> apoptosis to release debris
58
Apocrine gland
Apical portion of the cell pinches off with the secretory molecules (Mammary glands)
59
Sebaceous Glands
Abundant on face and scalp Produce SEBUM (Holocrine secretion) Lubricates skin and hair associated with the follicles
60
What does sebum form in the infundibulum? (Hair follicle)
Pilosebaceous canal
61
What are the functions of sebum?
Lubricate skin Waterproof skin (Waxy mix of triglycerides + cholesterol)
62
What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? (sweat glands)
Eccrine (merocrine) - coiled glands all over body Apocrine glands - axilla, nipple, anus, external genitalia - ear canal
63
What sweat glands contribute to cooling of the skin?
Eccrine sweat glands
64
What cells facilitate the expulsion of secretions in Eccrine sweat glands?
Myoepithelial cells
65
What are the components of sweat?
Water, salt, ammonia, uric acid, mucinogen granules
66
What kind of epithelium is an eccrin sweat gland composed of?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
67
What kind of sweat gland uses merocrine secretion?
Apocrine sweat glands
68
What type of epithelium makes up apocrine sweat glands?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium *Large-lumen, tubular glands
69
Describe the secretion of apocrine sweat glands
- Merocrine secretion Secretes odorless secretions, until mixed with bacteria = body odor Proteins, carbohydrates, ammonia-rich
70
What type of regulation are apocrine sweat glans subject to?
Adrenergic regulation * Turn on when nervous or hot
71
What kind of sweat gland is subject to cholinergic regulation?
Eccrine sweat glands

MSK Test II (11 decks)

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