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MSK Test II > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are connective tissue cells separated from each other by?

A

Extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is the ECM composed of?

A

Gel like substance with embedded protein fibers

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3
Q

What is different about the ECM in bone?

A

It is mineralized.

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4
Q

What does the ECM carry?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes

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5
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Structural framework of the body - Protection - Supports and interconnects other tissues - Energy storage - Transports fluids, cells, and dissolved chemicals throughout the body - Defense against invasion by microorganisms
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6
Q

What cell types are found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts Mesenchymal cells Adipocytes Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Hematopoietic stem cells

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7
Q

Function of fibroblasts in CT?

A

Produce collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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8
Q

Function of mesenchymal cells in CT?

A

Connective tissue stem cells

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9
Q

Function of adipocytes in CT?

A

Store and release fats

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10
Q

Chrondrocytes

A

Produce and maintain cartilage components

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11
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce bone components

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12
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells in CT?

A

Produce red blood cells and immune cells

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13
Q

What makes up the fibrous component of CT?

A

Collagens Elastins Reticular fibers

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14
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Form supportive meshwork

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15
Q

Elastin

A

Stretchable fibers *assembly of tropoelastin, fibulin-1, fibrillins 1/2

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16
Q

Function of Type-I Collagen Fibers How does collagen appear in electron micrographs?

A
  • Aligned and cross-linked to increase tensile strength -collagen fibers are banded, due to fibril alignment
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17
Q

What causes Scurvy? What occurs as a result?

A
  • Vitamin C deficiency - Vit C is a co-factor in cross-linking collagen fibers, so it weakens the CT
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18
Q

Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome - Cause? - Result?

A
  • Abnormal collagen synthesis - Results in weak collagen fibers
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19
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome What occurs? What systems are principle targets?

A

AD disorder where elastin is weak due to mutation in fibrillin-I gene - Principle targets = skeletal, cardiovascular systems

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of Marfan’s Syndrome

A
  • Cardiovascular anomalies - Patients are tall with long arms/legs (skeletal defects) - Incidence = 2-3/10,000
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21
Q

Where is the ground substance found?

A
  • Amphorous gel-like material that fills the space between fibers and cells.
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22
Q

What components make up the ground substance?

A
  • Proteoglycans - Hyaluronan - Glycoproteins - Extracellular proenzymes
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23
Q

What proteoglycan molecules make up the ground substance?

A

Chonroitin sulfates Heparan sulfates Keratan sulfates

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24
Q

What glycoproteins make up the ground substance?

A

Cytokines Growth factors (TGF-8) Structural proteins

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25
What molecules play a role in Cell-ECM interactions?
- Integrin receptors - Syndecans - Selectins - Dystroglycans - Growth factor receptors - Cytokine receptors
26
What are characteristics of embryonic connective tissue?
- Rich in ECM - Rich in mesenchymal stem cells - Some, but not many collagen or reticular fibers - Umbilical cord: sometimes referred to as "Wharton jelly"
27
What cell type is the arrow pointing to?
Mesenchymal cells
28
What different types of cells do adult mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?
- Fibroblasts - Muscle cells (skeletal and smooth) - Osteoblasts - Chondroblasts - Adipocytes
29
What are the three subclasses of LOOSE connective tissue?
Areolar (low density, widespread) Adipose (fat containing tissue) Reticular (rich in reticular fibers, meshwork)
30
What are the three subclasses of DENSE connective tissue?
- Regular - Irregular - Elastic
31
What cells are found in connective tissue proper?
- Fibroblasts - Fibrocytes - Defense cells - Fat cells
32
What is the matrix composition of connective tissue proper?
- Ground substance - All three fiber types (collagen, reticular fibers, elastic)
33
What are the 3 subclasses of cartilage?
- Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage - Fibrocartilage
34
What cells make up cartilage?
- Chondroblasts found in growing cartilage - Condrocytes
35
What is the matrix composition of cartilage?
- Ground substance - Collagen fibers, elastic fibers in some
36
What are the 2 subclasses of bone tissue?
- Compact bone - Trabecular bone
37
What cell types make up bone tissue? What is the matrix composition of bone tissue?
- Osteoblasts, osteoclasts - Gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts - Collagen
38
What cell types are found in Areolar CT? (3 + 4)
Fixed cells: Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells Wandering cells: Macrophages, Mast cells, Leukocytes/Lymphocytes, Plasma cells
39
What is the function of Loose CT? (3) Where is it normally found?
- Support and bind other tissues - Hold body fluid - Defend against infection Found beneath membranous epithelia ("lamina propria"), in the mucosa/ submucosa of various organs, around BV, muscles, nerves
40
What tissue is shown in this figure?
Loose Areolar CT
41
Describe the functions of Adipose CT
- Provide energy source, insulate against heat loss - Supports and protects organs
42
Where is Adipose tisse found? What are its characteristics?
Found under skin, around organs, abdomen, breasts, buttocks \*\*Abundanct adipocytes and sparse ECM!\*\*
43
What is the function of white fat?
Energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs, hormone secretion
44
What is the function of brown fat?
Thermogenic tissue \*Found more in newborns vs. adults
45
Characteristics and function of Reticular Connective Tissue?
- Rich in reticular fibers - Forms framework for a maze to hold free cells
46
Where is reticular connective tissue found?
Liver Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen (meshwork holds blood cells and immune cells)
47
Characteristics of Dense Irregular CT? What is the principle cell type?
ECM of tightly packed, interwoven, collagen fibers running in a random pattern - Fibroblats
48
What type of tissue is being shown?
- Reticular connective tissue
49
Label the arrows:
Top: adipocyte Bottom: Lipid
50
Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found?
- Dermis of skin - Capsules around internal organs - Perichondrium and periosteum - Fascia
51
Characterisitcs of Dense Regular CT? Principle cell type?
- ECM of tightly packed, regularly arragned collagen fibers - Poorly vascularized - Resists pulling forces \*Wavy appearance when not under tension\* Principle cell type: fibroblasts
52
Where is Dense Regular CT found?
- Tendons - Ligaments - Aponeurosis - Dense fascia, joint capsules
53
What kind of CT pictured below?
Reticular Connective Tissue
54
What are the characteristics of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?
ECM: tightly packed, interwovem collagen fibers running in a random pattern Cell type: Fibroblasts
55
What are the characteristics of Elastic CT?
- High proportion of elastic fibers - Allow recoiling of tissue following stretching
56
Where is Elastic CT found?
- Blood vessel walls, - Bronchiole tubes - Special ligaments
57
What CT type is pictured below?
Elastic CT
58
What is the function of Fibroblasts?
Produce collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in the ECM
59
What is the function of Adipocytes?
- Remove lipids from blood, stores, and releases when needed - Provides reserve energy source
60
What is the function of Macrophages?
- Differentiate from blood monocyte - Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and damaged cells - Removal of cell debris - Antigen processing and presentation
61
What is the function of Mast cells?
- Secrete chemicals (histamine) to mediate the allergic response and heparin
62
What is the function of plasma cells?
- Differentiate from B-lymphocytes - Function is to produce antibodies that mediate immunity
63

MSK Test II (11 decks)

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