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MSK Test II > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are connective tissue cells separated from each other by?

A

Extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is the ECM composed of?

A

Gel like substance with embedded protein fibers

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3
Q

What is different about the ECM in bone?

A

It is mineralized.

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4
Q

What does the ECM carry?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes

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5
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Structural framework of the body - Protection - Supports and interconnects other tissues - Energy storage - Transports fluids, cells, and dissolved chemicals throughout the body - Defense against invasion by microorganisms
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6
Q

What cell types are found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts Mesenchymal cells Adipocytes Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Hematopoietic stem cells

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7
Q

Function of fibroblasts in CT?

A

Produce collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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8
Q

Function of mesenchymal cells in CT?

A

Connective tissue stem cells

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9
Q

Function of adipocytes in CT?

A

Store and release fats

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10
Q

Chrondrocytes

A

Produce and maintain cartilage components

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11
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce bone components

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12
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells in CT?

A

Produce red blood cells and immune cells

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13
Q

What makes up the fibrous component of CT?

A

Collagens Elastins Reticular fibers

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14
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Form supportive meshwork

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15
Q

Elastin

A

Stretchable fibers *assembly of tropoelastin, fibulin-1, fibrillins 1/2

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16
Q

Function of Type-I Collagen Fibers How does collagen appear in electron micrographs?

A
  • Aligned and cross-linked to increase tensile strength -collagen fibers are banded, due to fibril alignment
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17
Q

What causes Scurvy? What occurs as a result?

A
  • Vitamin C deficiency - Vit C is a co-factor in cross-linking collagen fibers, so it weakens the CT
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18
Q

Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome - Cause? - Result?

A
  • Abnormal collagen synthesis - Results in weak collagen fibers
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19
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome What occurs? What systems are principle targets?

A

AD disorder where elastin is weak due to mutation in fibrillin-I gene - Principle targets = skeletal, cardiovascular systems

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of Marfan’s Syndrome

A
  • Cardiovascular anomalies - Patients are tall with long arms/legs (skeletal defects) - Incidence = 2-3/10,000
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21
Q

Where is the ground substance found?

A
  • Amphorous gel-like material that fills the space between fibers and cells.
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22
Q

What components make up the ground substance?

A
  • Proteoglycans - Hyaluronan - Glycoproteins - Extracellular proenzymes
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23
Q

What proteoglycan molecules make up the ground substance?

A

Chonroitin sulfates Heparan sulfates Keratan sulfates

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24
Q

What glycoproteins make up the ground substance?

A

Cytokines Growth factors (TGF-8) Structural proteins

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25
Q

What molecules play a role in Cell-ECM interactions?

A
  • Integrin receptors - Syndecans - Selectins - Dystroglycans - Growth factor receptors - Cytokine receptors
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26
Q

What are characteristics of embryonic connective tissue?

A
  • Rich in ECM - Rich in mesenchymal stem cells - Some, but not many collagen or reticular fibers - Umbilical cord: sometimes referred to as “Wharton jelly”
27
Q

What cell type is the arrow pointing to?

A

Mesenchymal cells

28
Q

What different types of cells do adult mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Muscle cells (skeletal and smooth)
  • Osteoblasts
  • Chondroblasts
  • Adipocytes
29
Q

What are the three subclasses of LOOSE connective tissue?

A

Areolar (low density, widespread)

Adipose (fat containing tissue)

Reticular (rich in reticular fibers, meshwork)

30
Q

What are the three subclasses of DENSE connective tissue?

A
  • Regular
  • Irregular
  • Elastic
31
Q

What cells are found in connective tissue proper?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Fibrocytes
  • Defense cells
  • Fat cells
32
Q

What is the matrix composition of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Ground substance
  • All three fiber types (collagen, reticular fibers, elastic)
33
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
34
Q

What cells make up cartilage?

A
  • Chondroblasts found in growing cartilage
  • Condrocytes
35
Q

What is the matrix composition of cartilage?

A
  • Ground substance
  • Collagen fibers, elastic fibers in some
36
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of bone tissue?

A
  • Compact bone
  • Trabecular bone
37
Q

What cell types make up bone tissue?

What is the matrix composition of bone tissue?

A
  • Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
  • Gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
  • Collagen
38
Q

What cell types are found in Areolar CT?

(3 + 4)

A

Fixed cells:

Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells

Wandering cells:

Macrophages, Mast cells, Leukocytes/Lymphocytes, Plasma cells

39
Q

What is the function of Loose CT? (3)

Where is it normally found?

A
  • Support and bind other tissues
  • Hold body fluid
  • Defend against infection

Found beneath membranous epithelia (“lamina propria”), in the mucosa/ submucosa of various organs, around BV, muscles, nerves

40
Q

What tissue is shown in this figure?

A

Loose Areolar CT

41
Q

Describe the functions of Adipose CT

A
  • Provide energy source, insulate against heat loss
  • Supports and protects organs
42
Q

Where is Adipose tisse found?

What are its characteristics?

A

Found under skin, around organs, abdomen, breasts, buttocks

**Abundanct adipocytes and sparse ECM!**

43
Q

What is the function of white fat?

A

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs, hormone secretion

44
Q

What is the function of brown fat?

A

Thermogenic tissue

*Found more in newborns vs. adults

45
Q

Characteristics and function of Reticular Connective Tissue?

A
  • Rich in reticular fibers
  • Forms framework for a maze to hold free cells
46
Q

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

A

Liver

Bone marrow

Lymph nodes

Spleen

(meshwork holds blood cells and immune cells)

47
Q

Characteristics of Dense Irregular CT?

What is the principle cell type?

A

ECM of tightly packed, interwoven, collagen fibers running in a random pattern

  • Fibroblats
48
Q

What type of tissue is being shown?

A
  • Reticular connective tissue
49
Q

Label the arrows:

A

Top: adipocyte

Bottom: Lipid

50
Q

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found?

A
  • Dermis of skin
  • Capsules around internal organs
  • Perichondrium and periosteum
  • Fascia
51
Q

Characterisitcs of Dense Regular CT?

Principle cell type?

A
  • ECM of tightly packed, regularly arragned collagen fibers
  • Poorly vascularized
  • Resists pulling forces

*Wavy appearance when not under tension*

Principle cell type: fibroblasts

52
Q

Where is Dense Regular CT found?

A
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Aponeurosis
  • Dense fascia, joint capsules
53
Q

What kind of CT pictured below?

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

54
Q

What are the characteristics of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A

ECM: tightly packed, interwovem collagen fibers running in a random pattern

Cell type: Fibroblasts

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Elastic CT?

A
  • High proportion of elastic fibers
  • Allow recoiling of tissue following stretching
56
Q

Where is Elastic CT found?

A
  • Blood vessel walls,
  • Bronchiole tubes
  • Special ligaments
57
Q

What CT type is pictured below?

A

Elastic CT

58
Q

What is the function of Fibroblasts?

A

Produce collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in the ECM

59
Q

What is the function of Adipocytes?

A
  • Remove lipids from blood, stores, and releases when needed
  • Provides reserve energy source
60
Q

What is the function of Macrophages?

A
  • Differentiate from blood monocyte
  • Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and damaged cells
  • Removal of cell debris
  • Antigen processing and presentation
61
Q

What is the function of Mast cells?

A
  • Secrete chemicals (histamine) to mediate the allergic response and heparin
62
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A
  • Differentiate from B-lymphocytes
  • Function is to produce antibodies that mediate immunity
63
Q
A

MSK Test II (11 decks)

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