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MSK Test II > Skeletal Muscle And Nerve Tissue Histology > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle And Nerve Tissue Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary movements, postural stability

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2
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Contract the heart, pump blood throughout the body

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3
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary movements for respiration, digestion, blood vessel control

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4
Q

What type of muscle is NOT striated?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

What type of muscle is used in voluntary movements?

A

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac and smooth are involuntary

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6
Q

What muscle types are uninucleated?

A

Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle

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7
Q

What muscle type is multinucleated?

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What muscle type is separated by intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

What muscle type is weaker than the other two?

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Contractile unit of muscle made of actin and myosin myofilaments

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11
Q

What is a fascicle composed of?

A

Group of myofibers

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12
Q

What is the Fascicle surrounded by?

A

Perimysium (fascial covering)

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13
Q

What is a muscle composed of?

A

Group of fascicles

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14
Q

What are muscles surrounded by?

A

Epimysium (fascia)

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15
Q

What do groups of sarcomeres make up?

A

Myofibril

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16
Q

What makes up a muscle fiber?

A

Groups of myofibrils

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17
Q

What is the composition of myosin?

A

Thick filament

  • 2 heavy chains + globular heads
  • 2 light chains

Held in place by titin proteins connected to Z-disk

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18
Q

What is the composition of Actin?

A

Thin filaments

F-actin monomers bound together in double stranded chains

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19
Q

What molecule is a “ruler” for determining the length of actin filaments?

A

Nebulin

20
Q

What covers the myosin binding sites on actin filaments?

A

Troponin on tropomyosin strands

21
Q

What are the components of a Sarcomere? What are their functions?

A

M-line: Myosin attachment (middle)

Z-disk: separates sarcomeres, actin and titin attachment (ends)

H-band: space on either side of the M-line where there’s no actin (middle region)

A-band: distance from one myosin head to the opposite myosin head (all- actin + myosin + H band)

I-band: space on either side of Z-disk, where there’s no myosin

22
Q

What allows myosin to bind to actin?

A
  1. Ca is released from the SR.
  2. Ca binds to troponin (which is blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin)
  3. Troponin has a conformational change
  4. Actin binding sites become accessible to myosin
23
Q

What makes the entire muscle shorten?

A

All myofibrils in a muscle contracting at the same time

24
Q

Do actin and myosin change in length?

A

NO. They only overlap each oher.

25
Q

Characteristics of Type I Skeletal Muscle Fiber types

A
  • SLOW, less powerful contraction
  • (RED) Many mitochondria
  • Abundant myoglobin
  • Slow fatigability
  • Aerobic respiration
26
Q

Type IIA Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

A
  • FAST, Intermediate powerful contraction
  • (RED) Many mitochondria
  • Many myoglobin
  • Intermediate fatigability
  • Aerobic respiration
27
Q

Type IIB Skeletal Muscle characteristics

A
  • Fast, powerful contraction
  • Few mitochondria
  • Few myoglobin
  • Rapid Fatigability
  • Anaerobic respiration
28
Q

What is the membrane around each muscle cell called?

A

Sarcolemma

29
Q

What is the function of T tubules?

A

(Transverse tubules)

- membrane system that conveys electrical impulses from sarcolemma into cell

30
Q

What does a Triad consist of?

A

T tubule + 2 Terminal cisternae

31
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Cytoplasm of muscle cell
  2. Acts like smooth ER
    (Terminal cisternae is a flattened version on either side of transverse tubule)
32
Q

What is the neruomuscular junction? (NMJ)

A
  • Skeletal muscle innervated by peripheral a-motor neurons from anterior horn of spinal chord

1 nerve/fiber, BUT >1 muscle fiber/nerve

33
Q

What is the action of the Neuromuscular Spindle Apparatus?

A

Reflexive response to prevent overstretching of a muscle

34
Q

What are the 5 components of the Neuromuscular Spindle Apparatus?

A 
Extrafusal muscle fibers
Intrafusal muscle fibers
Type Ia sensory nerve fibers
A-motor nerve fibers
G-motor nerve fibers
35
Q

What is the arrangement of nerves?

A

Axon —> Fascicle —> Nerve

36
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Multiple dendrites + 1 axon

37
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Single dendrite + 1 axon

38
Q

What are pseudounipolar axons?

A

1 cell process + 1 single dendrite branch + 1 axon branch

39
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

40
Q

What cells myelinate cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

41
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers

A

Contract the muscle

42
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Sense length and rate of change of the muscle

43
Q

Type Ia sensory nerve fibers

A

Afferent innervation of intrafusal fibers

44
Q

a-motor nerve fibers

A

Efferent innervation of extrafusal muscle fibers

45
Q

G-motor nerve fibers

A

Efferent innervation of intrafusal muscle fibers

MSK Test II (11 decks)

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