the influence of the home environment on childrens development

Question 1

what are executive functions?

Answer 1

high level cognitive skills involved in goal directed thinking e.g. WM and inhibitory control

Question 2

what is socioeconmic status

SES?

Answer 2

measure of a persons economic and social position in relation to others
= access to economic and social resources and the social positioning, privileges and prestige that derive from these resources

Question 3

is SES a single variable ?

Answer 3

no

e.g. time, money, education

Question 4

the effects of SES are ______ and _____ over time

Answer 4

indirect and accrue ( the gap widens over time)

Question 5

what are the 3 factors SES factors used to make a composite score

Answer 5

1) parent education
2) family income
3) parent occupation

Question 6

in the uk we can get a measure of SES from ______

Answer 6

-postcode

using the index of multiple deprivation

Question 7

what 3 things can SES affect?

Answer 7

1) access to opportunities
(books, out of school activities = greater learning potential)
2) human capital
(e.g. parents education that they can pass on)
3) social capital
(beneficial connections in social networks e.g. family friends that can provide internships)

Question 8

when looking into SES we are looking at ______

Answer 8

TRENDS

- important to avoid steretyping

Question 9

The cumlative experience of _________ during a sensitive period of brain expansion and growth can compromise neurocognitive development
shonkoff& phillips, 2000

Answer 9

risk factors
e.g. poor nutrition, high stress household

the more risk factors and for long time = impact
paartic case in sensitive periods

Question 10

executive functions rapidly develop through the preschool years between

Answer 10

2 & 5 years old

= when can see SES affect executive function

Question 11

_____ studied a group of children from low SES households and a group from mid SES households.
They found differences in 3 areas of cognition: language, memory and executive functions

Answer 11

Farah et al 2006

Question 12

interestingly ____ didnt find any affect on reward processing
= goes against other studies

Answer 12

Farah et al 2006

= suggests happens later in development, as an adaptive response in later life

Question 13

how to measure reward processing?

Answer 13

the marshmallow tast

= presented w 1, if you wait until i come back you can have 2

Question 14

how does SES affect reward processing usually

Answer 14

low SES dont wait

older children = more likely are to wait

Question 15

why do low SES c not wait on reward processing task?

Answer 15

because of their unpredictable/chaotic environments

e.g. if get treat on day, makes sense to get reward now

Question 16

Farrah et al shows that _______ SES children tend to have ______ language and _______ skills (wm and inhibitory control)

Answer 16

lower
poorer
executive function

Question 17

if we know that _______are important for early maths, its possible that individual differences in _________ can account for SES based differences in cs maths skills

Answer 17

executive functions

executive functions

Question 18

are there pre existing differences at school entry depending on SES background?

Answer 18

yes

lower SES fams begin school w less maths knowledge than preschoolers from higher SES fams

Question 19

children from _____ SES families arrive in school less well prepared to learn, placing them @ long term academic risk

Answer 19

lower

Question 20

why may lower SES c arrive less prepared to learn in school regarding maths?

Answer 20

because they have had less exposure to numbers which has a knock on effect on later skills as maths learning in incremental

Question 21

cross-culteral research on early maths development in china,japan and US found an __________ in early maths knowledge @ 3yrs in all countries
suggesting varialbles linking SES to maths skills are present early in life

Answer 21

SES related gap

= not just westernised phenomenon

Question 22

the achievement gap at school ________ over time

Answer 22

widens

= more pronounced with development

Question 23

rathbun & west 02 found a ________ @ school entry between lower SES c and higher SES c
gap widened over first 4 years of primary school

Answer 23

maths achievement gap

Question 24

the relationship between maths and reading attainement and SES is _______

Answer 24

linear

- suggesting gaps between the top SES groups are roughly twice as large as the bottom and middle of the SES distribution

Question 25

who did the study on linear relationship between maths and reading attainment gap

Answer 25

Duncan and magnuson, 12

Question 26

What did duncan and magnuson 12 find?

Answer 26

for reading and maths the gap between low and mid SES and mid and high SES is the same = suggesting linear relationship
but not for school engagement: lower SES c in partic who are struggling

Question 27

one way which low SES might influence maths skills is through its effect on ______

Answer 27

cognitive development

Question 28

the achievement gap initially may lead us to think there is a ___________between SES and maths skills … however differences in executive function may explain this link

Answer 28

direct link

Question 29

what is a mdeiation model?

Answer 29

when you have a third variable explaining the relationship between 2 other variables

Question 30

executive functions may ____ the relation between SES and a childs maths skills

Answer 30

mediate

IV = SES
DV= maths skills

Question 31

what are the two main accounts explaining the link between SES and cognitive development? what particular emphasis do they place on a mechanism?

Answer 31

1) the investment model
= emphasis on time or resources
2)the stress model
= emphasis on stress

Question 32

the _____ model says lower SES parents have less capital (resources, assets) so are unable to invest as much in their children

Answer 32

investment

Question 33

The _______ model says lower SES leads to long-term stress which has neg consequences biologically & can make parents less effective

Answer 33

stress

Question 34

are the investment model and stress model mutually exclusive?

Answer 34

no

= not just one account that explains everything

Question 35

how can the investment model have an effect on cognitive development?

Answer 35

1) cognitive stimulation
= lower SES= lower stimulation = read to less often, watch more TV, lower quality daycare
2) resources
= higher SES = games targeting academic skills
= predicts early maths schores
3) tools for maths thinking
= higher SES parents

Question 36

investment model- what are the SES differences in home activities regarding frequency and nature of maths activities in mid and lower fams?

Answer 36

considerable differences
- mid SES parents were more likely to have a range of maths activities than lower SES parents
= broader and played more often

Question 37

investment model- regarding the relationship between parents maths practices and their childs maths skills in 4-6yr olds, the frequency which c engaged in number related activities at home the previous week was ___________with their maths skills

Answer 37

positively corrrelated

= belvins-knabe and musun miller 1996

Question 38

investment model: Levine 2010

do parental practices in early dev predict maths skills longitudinally?

Answer 38

yes, no talk @ age 2 predicts maths skills @ age 4

Question 39

the stress model proposes that the effects of ses on cog development is not as much to do with _____ and more to do with ______

Answer 39

resources

stress

Question 40

the stress model proposes that there is a _____ effect of stress on _______ which creates and ______ and _______ disadvantage

Answer 40

direct
brain changes
emotional
cognitive

Question 41

the stress model proposed that there is an ______ pathway, suggesting the effect of cs development could be affected by ____________ problems meaning __________ parenting practices (high stress)

Answer 41

indirect
parental emoitonal and behavioural
harsh inconsistent

Question 42

the stress model explains links in times of ______ stress

Answer 42

chronic
(over time)
e.g. serious financial worries

Question 43

stress influences the reactivity of the _________ affecting behaviour regulation and affecting brain areas like the prefrontal cortex which underpins executive functions

Answer 43

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Question 44

when in a __________, the stress response systems develop in a way that promotes reactive rather than reflective self regulation

Answer 44

low resource unpredictable environment

Question 45

when in a __________, the stress response systems develop in a way that promotes reactive rather than reflective self regulation
(less likely to suppress innapropriate actions/behaviours)

Answer 45

low resource unpredictable environment

Question 46

the ______ c live in stressful conditions the ______this will effect their bodily responses to stress

Answer 46

longer

more

Question 47

c who live in stressful circumstances for an extended period of time will have a higher ____ rate of ____ and a more ______ reaction to a standard stressor

Answer 47

basal (base line level)
cortisol (released when stressed)
muted

= cortisol doesnt naturally peak when exposed to stressors as always higher

Question 48

higher_________ of cortisol @ 7,1 5 & 24mnth was associated with lower _________@ age 3
= blair et al 11

Answer 48

baseline rates
executive functions

= effects executive function development over time

Question 49

stress directly affects the _______ memories, particularly mems _________ with the stress episode

Answer 49

formation of new
not associated

e.g. if bullied on way home, will remember the bullying but not really the rest of the day = sauro, jorgenson 03

Question 50

children _______ on academic tests in school if theres a _________ less than 1 wek before
=sharkey 10

Answer 50

score lower

murder in their neighbourhood

Question 51

stress can affect ___ indirectly via more ___ and ____ parenting.

Answer 51

cognition
harsh
inconsistent

Question 52

The effect of parenting on childrens ______has been found to be linked via cortisol
=blair 11

Answer 52

executive functions

Question 53

can nurturing parenting reverse the effects of stress on childrens executive functions?

Answer 53

yes!

a warm supportive relationship = less effect/no effect on development

Question 54

the hypothalamus is linked to …

Answer 54

memory

Question 55

Following a parental intervention designed to help parents identify distress and respond to this in a sensitive way, c had a _______ HPA activity 9 months later
= fisher et al 06

Answer 55

reduced

Question 56

what model does this statement link with:

higher SES parents tend to talk more about numbers with their young children

Answer 56

investment model

Question 57

what model does this statement link with:

higher SES parents tend to have more number-related games in the home and play with these more often

Answer 57

investment model

Question 58

what model does this statement link with:

higher SES parents are less likely to implement harsh discipline and be inconsistent

Answer 58

stress model

Question 59

what model does this statement link with:

infants in very low SES households are more likely to have higher basal rates of cortisol

Answer 59

stress model