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world history > The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) > Flashcards

The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) Flashcards

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1
Q

long, slow, uneven, process in which production shifted from simple tools to complex machines

A

The Industrial Revolution

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2
Q

Thomas Newcomen

A

developed the steam engine powered by coal

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3
Q

James Watt (1760s)

A

improved the steam engine

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4
Q

Father of the Industrial Revolution

A

James Watt

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5
Q

Coal was used to produce______

A

steel

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6
Q

Bessemer Process

A

faster, cheaper way of producing steel (developed by Henry Bessemer)

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7
Q

Factors of Production

A

resources, labor, capital

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8
Q

had large supplies of coal and iron; also had colonies all over the world

A

land and natural resources

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9
Q

had plenty of displaced farmers and skilled mechanics, eager to meet growing demand for new, practical inventions

A

labor

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10
Q

prosperous Great Britain economy= buisness class and capital(money) to invest, and consumer goods were affordable to all

A

capital

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11
Q

in 1600s, cotton cloth imported from ______ had become popular

A

India

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12
Q

workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by merchants/entrepreneurs

A

Domestic System

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13
Q

as demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with a series of inventions that revolutionized GB’s(Great Britian) __________

A

textile industry

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14
Q

brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.

A

factory system

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15
Q

the domestic system was replaced by the ________ system

A

factory

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16
Q

used the first steam engine to power the first steam boat

A

Robert Fulton

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17
Q

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid _____________

A

urbanization

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18
Q

main rapid spreading disease

A

cholera

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19
Q

tiny rooms where many poor people who lived in the slums were packed into

A

tenaments

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20
Q

formed to fight for better conditions

A

labor unions

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21
Q

another word for working class

A

proletariat

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22
Q

another word for middle class

A

bourgeoisie

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23
Q

what does laissez- faire mean

A

hands off

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24
Q

a free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making products more affordable

A

Adam Smith

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25
Q

a growing economy would push capitalists to reinvest profits in new buisness’

A

Adam Smith

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26
Q

population would outpace food supply

A

Thomas Malthus

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27
Q

as long as population increased, the poor would suffer

A

Thomas Malthus

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28
Q

people should have fewer children

A

Thomas Malthus

29
Q

the “iron law of wages”= when wages were high, families had more children

A

David Ricardo

30
Q

more children= a larger labor supply, which leads to lower wages and higher unemployment

A

David Ricardo

31
Q

a person who owns a buisness and is personally responsible for its debts

A

sole proprietorship

32
Q

2 or more people own a buisness

A

partnership

33
Q

a buisness owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts (investors, [share] stocks, dividends)

A

corporation

34
Q

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service

A

monopoly (aka. a trust)

35
Q

an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition

A

cartel (aka. syndicate)

36
Q

dominat model for a buisness

A

capitalism

37
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A

Standard Oil Trust (est. 1882)

38
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

railroads

39
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

steele

40
Q

a slowdown in a nation’s economy

A

recession

41
Q

a severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity, and extreme recession

A

depression

42
Q

when a company acquires competitors in the same industry doing the same stage of production for the creation of monopoly

A

horizontal integration

43
Q

one company controls multiple stages of production

A

vertical integration

44
Q

goal of society should be “greatest happiness for greatest number”

A

utilitarianism

45
Q

supported individual freedom, but saw need for government under certain circumstances

A

Jeremy Bentham

46
Q

wanted government to improve the hard lives of working class (and believed actions are right if they help happiness and wrong if they cause pain

A

John Stuart Mill

47
Q

society as a whole, rather than individuals, own and operate factors of production

A

socialism

48
Q

set up a model community in Scotland and put Utopian ideas into practice

A

Robert Owen

49
Q

established the AFL (American Federation of Labor) in 1881 for craft workers

A

Samuel Gompers

50
Q

established the American railway Union

A

Eugene V. Debs

51
Q

established the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) for factory type workers

A

William Haywood

52
Q

the workers main weapon against management and owners of the factories was the________

A

strike

53
Q

workplace where ALL employees must belong to a labor union

A

closed shop

54
Q

workplace where union membership is NOT required

A

open shop

55
Q

outlined a new economic theory: scientific socialism (aka. communism)

A

Karl Marx

56
Q

the modern class struggle pittied the __________(bourgeoisie) against the ___________(proletariat)

A

middle class; working class

57
Q

economic system where competition determines prices and wages

A

capitalism

58
Q

economic system in which government or workers own most of the buisnesses in a country

A

socialism

59
Q

government ownership of all property and buisnesses

A

communism

60
Q

who own’s the factories of production in capitalism?

A

private individuals

61
Q

who own’s the factories of production in socialism?

A

government and individuals

62
Q

who own’s the factories of production in communism?

A

government

63
Q

what was the government’s role in capitalism?

A

in “laissez-faire” hand off the economy

64
Q

what was the government’s role in socialism?

A

stepped in sometimes on behalf of workers

65
Q

what was the government’s role in communism?

A

control and distribute resources

66
Q

who were the supporters of capitalism?

A

rich buisness owners
“bourgeoisie”
Adam Smith

67
Q

who were the supporters of socialism?

A

workers
“proletariat”
Robert Owen (utopian socialist)

68
Q

who were the supporters of communism?

A

workers
“proletariat”
Karl Marx

world history (9 decks)

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