The Industrial Age (1800-1914) Flashcards

aka the 2nd Industrial Revolution

1
Q

parts that are so nearly identical that they can fit into any assembly of the same type

A

interchangeable parts

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2
Q

an association of manufacturers of suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition

A

cartel (aka. a syndicate)

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3
Q

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service

A

monopoly (aka. a trust)

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4
Q

a manufacturing process in which parts are added in sequence

A

assembly line

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5
Q

applies biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics

A

social darwinism

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6
Q

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

A

psychology

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7
Q

a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent spoilage

A

pasteurization

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8
Q

the theory that plants and animals developed from common ancestors long ago

A

evolution

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9
Q

(austrian) developed theories about the unconcious mind.

A

Sigmund Freud

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10
Q

(russian) discovered process of classical conditioning while studying digestive process of dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov

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11
Q

discovered how antiseptic prevented infection (this contributed directly to increased life expectancy)

A

Joseph Lister

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12
Q

invented gasoline powered internal combustion engine

A

Nikolaus Otto

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13
Q

proved link between microbes and disease (the “germ theory”); developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, and discovered process of pasturization

A

Louis Pasteur

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14
Q

invented radio

A

Guglielmo Marconi

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15
Q

(british) discovered electrons and developed subatomic theory

A

J.J. Thompson

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16
Q

(german) general theory of relativity and the special theory of relativity

A

Albert Einstein

17
Q

patented telephone

A

Alexander Graham Bell

18
Q

developed the bessemer process

A

Henry Bessemer

19
Q

invented dynamite

A

Alfred Nobel

20
Q

(british) published “On The Orgin Of Species” and theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

21
Q

insisted on better hygeine in wartime field hospitals; introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals; started the worlds fist nursing school

A

Florence Nightingale

22
Q

(german) developed quantum theory

A

Max Planck

23
Q

(french) discovered radioactivity

A

Pierre & Marie Curie

24
Q

(german) discovered x-rays and developed x-ray photographic process

A

William Roentgen

25
Q

(austrian munk) experimented with cross-pollinating pea plants

A

Gregor Mendel

26
Q

By 1900, which 2 countries were the world’s leading industrial nations?

A

Germany and the United States

27
Q

What was Ford’s contribution to industry?

A

he massed produced cars with the assembly line

28
Q

How did Darwin challenge traditional beliefs?

A

the view that God had originally created all species of plant and animal life, just as they exist today.

29
Q

Why does Darwin’s theory of evolution cause controversy

A

a lot of people were christians and not everyone believed him

30
Q

What was developed that helped cars and airplanes become common means of travel?

A

the gasoline powered internal combustion engine

31
Q

Whose work did Darwin study to develop his theory of natural selection (evolution)?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace