The Industrial Revolution Flashcards
What is the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution refers to the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the US where products were no longer produced solely by hand but by machines. This occurred around 1760-1820.
Differentiate the cottage/home industry from the factory system.
The cottage/home industry involved a family and one or two hired persons and they produced their goods using simple tools. The factory system used heavy machinery for production and involved a large percentage of unskilled workers.
What was the first change made when people transitioned from the cottage industry to the factory system?
The first change was the volume of production. The factory could produce in large quantities while the cottage industry was limited in the amount of goods it could produce.
Where and when did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Britain in the 1760’s in the textile/cloth industry
Hand-looms, hand-spinning, and hand weaving was replaced by new machinery such as Edmund Cartwright’s ______
automatic weaving machine
The revolution later spread to other areas of Europe such as?
France & Germany
The industrial revolution was made possible largely because of the introduction of three new sources of power, what are they?
electricity, steam & oil
What were the three sources of power used prior to the revolution?
water, animal & wind
What was the main source of power prior to the revolution
water
disadvantage of water as a source of power
Factories had to be built near rivers or streams in order to access power or to operate whatever old machinery existed. This limited the number of factories that could be built. Also the amount that could be produced depended on the availability of water
what were the new building materials introduced
steel & iron
What was the chief building material prior to the revolution?
wood
What change was made to factories and other buildings with the introduction of new building materials?
factories and other buildings could be higher, bigger, and sturdier.
In ____ a printing press was built entirely out of ____.
1800, iron
The first paper was constructed in _______ in ____
England, 1803
By ____ the iron printing oress was being powered by steam
1811
What were the changes that were made to transportation and how were those changes beneficial?
Horses & carriages were replaced by cars & railways and Simple oar boats and sail ships were replaced by steamships.
This opened the market and made the world more accessible. With faster, cheaper , more efficient modes of transportation, goods and services can now travel from towns, from one country to another to be sold.
Which country is known as the ‘workshop of the world’
England
Which British man perfected the steam engine and in what year did he do it?
James Watt, 1769
Robert Fulton invented the steam boat, it was a commercial vessel, where was its first route?
between New York and Albany
What is Robert Fulton’s nationality?
American
In what year did Robert Fulton invent the steam boat?
1807
Who perfected the locomotive/railway?
George Stephenson
Who perfected the locomotive/railway in 1829?
George Stephenson
What is George Stephenson’s nationality?
British
How did George Stephenson perfect the locomotive?
he used steam traction on the tramway
From his quantitative study of electrolysis he created the _________ in 1831.
electric dynamo
Which British man gave us electricity as a source of power?
Michael Faraday
Fox Talbot invented ____________________ in ____. Before this it took _____ hours to produce a picture
instantaneous photography in 1841, six hours to produce
What is Fix Talbot’s nationality?
British
A French man constructed the Suez Canal. It joined two seas, what are they?
the Red sea & Mediterranean Sea
Who constructed the Suez Canal in 1869 and on date did it open?
Ferdinand de Lesseps, November 17, 1869
What is Gottlieb Daimler’s nationality?
German
In what year was the internal combustion engine invented and what was it used for?
1884, used to power the first car
Who invented the combustion engine in 1884?
Gottlieb Daimler
By ____ (year) the Industrial Revolution spread to the other side of the world beginning in the USA. (second phase)
1870
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution?
1) Many new professions were created- the most noted one of all was engineering because there were many new things to design
2) The factories employed a large number of unskilled workers.- there was also an increase in the demand for various skilled workers such as carpenters and professionals such as engineers so there was an increase in the employment level.
3) The numbers of cities and towns grew at a rapid rate- with each new factory or office that was built, many unknown areas became busy and lively places of interest.
4) Some towns and ports became famous- not only did business flourish in these towns but more parents were willing to send their children away from rural areas to study in these towns.
5) There was a great increase in the middle class in society- more person were able to afford a better standard of living. They sent their children to prestigious school & universities.
6) Migration occurred at a faster rate- the steamboat and Suez Canal brought people from different countries and continents together. some migrated for work and others for adventure
7) After a while a number of middle class persons began to lobby for the introduction of Trade Unions to protect workers’ rights. This gave them an important avenue to power. - some of them wen ton to become members of Parliament for their constituencies.
What two towns opened their railway system to public traffic in 1830?
Liverpool & Manchester
Negative effects of the industrial revolution
1) It led to the use of child labor in factories - employees were willing to hire children because they were paid less.
2) The illiteracy rate was high among children - the children who worked in factories did not get to attend school on a regular and formal basis because their parents could not afford it. In some cases their parents were not available to supervise them so they became truants.
3) The employers took advantage of their employees - in most factories working conditions were deplorable. In many instances not enough sanitary
