The Implementation Acts Post 1948 Flashcards
education act
bantu education act (1953)
left out
bantu education act (1951)
Movement acts
Abolition of pass laws act (1952)
Bantu law amendment act (1952)
Land acts
Group Areas act (1950)
The reservation of separate amenities Act (1953)
Native urban areas act (1954)
Registration/identification Acts
Prohibition of mixed marriages act (1949)
Population registration act (1950)
Immorality amendment Act (1950)
Definition of
Population registration act (1950)
Declared that the South African population has to be classified by race
Each member had to be registered in accordance to their race (Black/White/Indian/Coloured)
insisted the groups to be kept separate
later amendments to the Act in 1964+67 placed greater stress on appearance and genealogy to prevent people passing of as white
Successes of the Population registration act (1950)
social rights, political rights, educational opportunities and economic status were determined by which class you were in
WAS a success as it helped define racial groups and get the industry and economy run by white people
Failures of the Population registration act (1950)
there had to be some reclassifications done as some people passed themselves off as white
NOT a success as didn’t help define racial groups that well and also created as few racial tensions
Definition of
Prohibition of mixed marriages (1949)
prohibited marriages between white, black and coloured people
white people could be imprisoned for breaking these laws
Successes of the Prohibition of Mixed marriages Act (1949)
kept heritages pure and stoped the races from mixing
WAS a success because it made it easier to define racial groups
Failures of the Prohibition of mixed marriages act (1949)
people could still have mixed relationships
NOT a success as it was still possible for races to mix and this would be breaking the apartheid that they wanted
Definition of
Immorality amendment act (1950)
prohibited the sexual relationships between black and white people
Punishment for this was 6months hard labour
Successes of Immorality amendment act (1950)
No mixing - children would be pure heritage
no mixed children
WAS a success as it defined the racial groups and protected the white race
Definition of
Group areas act (1950)
Specific communes were set aside for each of the races.
Non-whites were relocated to reserves
other members of different ethnic groups that lived here first were forcibly evicted
resulted in the eviction of 3.5 million africans and over 1 million of these being deported to tribal areas or bantustans
Successes of the group areas act (1950)
Gave the government control over relocations
WAS a success because it protected the white land and territory and got the industry run by white people.
they also claimed it reduced racial tensions
Failures of the group areas act (1950)
They couldn’t use the fact that it would reduce tensions if they all lived seperate as in some areas people lived together and it was peaceful e.g Sophiatown
NOT a success as it didn’t follow the idea of reducing racial tensions as there weren’t any in the first place
Definition of
Bantu Authorities act (1951)
Gave the government power to appoint tribal chiefs who ruled over reserves
Tribal leaders were responsible for the allocation of land, development programmes and welfare policies.
Successes of the Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
Emphasised that black people had no place in white South Africa - took the only thing they had.
presence was only tolerated as a cheap source of labour
reiterated that different races should live apart and not interact with each other
WAS a success as it defined racial groups and protected white land and territory
Definition of
Abolition of pass laws act or Native laws amendment act (1952)
Replaced existing passes with standardised reference books
Law required all africans to carry identification booklets with their names, addresses, fingerprints and other information
what did the Abolition of Passes Act state they had to do at all times
carry reference books at all times including men and women. (women weren’t included before)
couldn’t remain in an urban area for more than 70Hours after their permits had expired
couldn’t permanently live in urban area unless born their or lived there for 15 years or worked for the same employer for more than 10years
national reference books were issued, replacing the regional ones. they contained photographs employment record and details such as Marital status. criminal offence not to carry it.
Successes of the Abolition of Passes act (1952)
Replaced the regional ones so everyone had the same pass book. too difficult to disobey and would be arrested. They were more rigorously enforced.
how many arrested in the early 1950’s 968,593 with 861,269 convictions
WAS a success because it defined racial groups and got the economy and industry run by white people
failures of the Abolition of Passes Act
were some exceptions that meant black people could still live in Urban areas such as if you had lived there for more than 15 years
NOT a success because racial groups weren’t defined as some black people could still live in white areas
Definition of
Bantu education act (1953)
the ministry of native affairs directly controlled the education of the black south Africans.
Designed by Minister of native affairs Hendrik Verwoerd
Successes of the Bantu Education Act (1953)
could control what was learnt in the black curriculum and limit the skills African people needed to function resulting in them working in cheap labour
WAS a success as it got the industry and economy run by white people
Failures of the Bantu education act (1953)
Black people boycotted schools and made their own at home
NOT a success because black children could still be learning important life skills and therefore the economy and industry isn’t protected form black people
Impact of bantu education act
ANC leader Z.K Matthews said it was worse than no education at all
All churches except dutch reformed church opposed this act
mission run schools had to be handed over by decmeber 1954 or subsidies would decrease and then cease altogether
Most churches closed however some Roman Catholic, Seventh day adventists and jewish groups kept theirs open
African people began to run unofficial schools renamed cultural clubs to avoid being illegal,
What did the Bantu eduction Act bring about
removal of control of African education from the ministry of eduction to the ministry of native affairs
an end to state subsidies for mission run schools so most were forced to close
an expansion of government run system and setting of a limited vocational based curricula. the work of the department of native affairs grew significantly
26,000 new African teachers and in 1958 department of bantu educaioton was created to meet this increase workload
why did most churches comply with the bantu education act
because they wanted to keep children off of the streets
Bishop of Johannesburg opened up private Anglican schools that were 50p per month however most couldn’t afford this and there were huge waiting lists
Protests against the Bantu education Act
definition of Extension of Universities Act (1959)
ban English language universities from accepting African students
three new strictly segregated colleges were opened for coloured Indian and Zulu students and another for African people in Transvaal
Fort hare remained for Xhosa speaking students only
summary of the Unis pre extension of the unis act
4 English lang unis
4 afrikaner
Fort hare for non white students where they all studied together and was highly valued
3 of the English lang schools also took non white students and employed soon non white lecturers
Definition of
The reservation of separate amenities act (1953)
Signs were put up saying European only or non europeans only.
Facilities were separated
Definition of
Native Urban areas act (1954)
A black person was permitted to live in a certain area if they met certain conditions
Definition of
Bantu Law amendment act (1952)
Law permits the removal or imprisonment of “idle bantus” (unemployed black South Africans) from any urban area
bantu self government act (1959)
set up 8 self governing homeland in which black African people were to be citizens . removing them as citizens would officially make the white population the largest
bantustans were viewed as seperate and independent countries
