Codifying and implementing Apartheid 1948-59

Question 1

what were the five goals of apartheid

Answer 1

• define racial groups (protect white race)
• protect white land and territory
• get the industry/economy run by white people
• gain afrikaner support

-reduce racial tensions

Question 2

what were the two main aims of the national party

Answer 2

to impose white suopremacy through an all embracing system of apartheid

to end political ties with britain and form a republic

Question 3

what was Grand Apartheid

Answer 3

the overall strategy of keeping the different races seperate as much as possible e.g ensuring they lived in separate areas

Question 4

what was petty apartheid

Answer 4

day to day restrictions such as separate facilities e.g public amenities and transport waiting rooms

many African people found this more warring than grand apartheid

Question 5

how did the national party maintain power by increasing the Afrikaner influence in state apparatus

Answer 5

when epopel retired they would replace them with afrikaners

this was done with judges

Question 6

how did the national pert maintain power using broederbond

Answer 6

it grew in influence to the point that it was almost government

all senior national party politicians and government officials were expected to maintain close ties with it

its policy documents effectively became government thinking

Question 7

how’d the national party maintain power by the extension of voters

Answer 7

created 6 more seats in government for the south west Africa (Namibia)where most people would vote for nationalists

gained a lot more supporters as each of the new seats contained between 9,000 to 12,000 voters

Question 8

disfranchisement of coloured voters (the separate representation of voters act 1951) =========

Answer 8

sought an all white electorate
took measures to abolish the right of coloured South Africans to vote

Question 9

divide and rule

Answer 9

wanted to keep all the different races as far apart as possible and keep them divided into their different tribal units to emphasises their own nationalities

townships were divided into tribal areas. Bantustans were exclusive to different tribal groups

white people were no longer the minority it was the black people

Question 10

why was Sophiatown the first target of the Group areas act

Answer 10

it was the only place in south Africa where African people were allowed to own property
multi ethnic area

It was representative of the black community

Many Shebeens - illegal bars

tsotsis - young street criminals

Drum magazine - reporting on the urban lifestyle

Question 11

the process of removal in Sophiatown

Answer 11

planning began in 1950 and within 6 years it was removed (with large resistance)

60,000 people were estimated to live there including members of the ANC

it was bulldozed and was named as Triomf

people who lived there were moved to Soweto

Question 12

Cato Manor, Durban

Answer 12

south Africas largest city

housed 450,000 people in 1951

1/3 white Indian and black

Indians were the land owners and let it to black people

Question 13

why was Cato mayor targeted

Answer 13

Black people had begun to attack the Indians as they felt they were being exploited as landlords and storekeepers

142 killed and 1,000 injured

Question 14

process of removals at Cato Manor

Answer 14

1965 tens of thousands of shacks removed

mostly black people moved away

41,000 Indians were removed from central areas

Question 15

why was District 6, Cape Town targeted

Answer 15

multiracial largely coloured business and residential area and it was near the heart of Cape Town

Question 16

process of removals in district 6

Answer 16

60,000 people forcefully removed to the cape flats (Mitchells plain)

buildings were bulldozed

architectural heritage destroyed inoreder to implement radical ideology

wasn’t implement until 1966 as was detected later than all of the others

Question 17

what did the natives resettlement act a year after the group areas act allow them to do

Answer 17

allowed them to move black people from anywhere in or next to Johannesburg to any other area

Question 18

reasons for removals

Answer 18

said it was because the areas were slums and that the different races weren’t able to live together peacefully

slums was correct however there was little to suggest that the races couldn’t get on together

the real motive of its destruction was to keep people of colour in certain areas

emphasise that the true homes of African people were the homelands

Question 19

triomf

Answer 19

final residents weren’t removed until 1959 and was left a wasteland and its name was removed from maps

in 1962 it became an all white suburb called triomf and the name was an insult to non white people and a powerful assertion of governments resolve

Question 20

hendrik Verwoerd

Question 21

What was education like before the national party victory

Answer 21

vast majority of education for black children was provided by church run mission schools

1945 - 4360 mission run schools and 230 government run schools

State spent 16x more on white education than black

Question 22

By 1948 what had begun to happen to black schools

Answer 22

the system was breaking down. poor funding insufficient resources and buildings they could no longer function

rise in African urban population meant that the schools were vastly overcroweded and 33% African children didnt attend school at all

Question 23

what was The Eiselen report

Answer 23

Eiselen expert on needs for Apartheid was charged with investigating African education and making recommendations for its development.

believed it was important to protect black people from western influences and felt it harmed their culture. felt they would best develop in their own traditions

Question 24

what did the Eiselen report advocate

Answer 24

a curriculum based on limited skills african people needed to function as a source of cheap labour

the growth in political control of education by the government through the eventual creation of the Department of Bantu Education

Question 25

what was the Tomlinson report

Answer 25

reported on how the homelands might be developed

Question 26

what did the Tomlinson report assert

Answer 26

homelands could never support more than 2 thirds of their populations and advised more land be allocated

policies betterment be developed to combat problems such as soil erosion. estimated the cost to be at least £100 million

agricultural workforce should be reduced

industrial concerns could be developed on the outskirts of cities so homeland residents could commute for employment

Question 27

suppression of communism act 1950

Answer 27

believed that communists were behind the majority of protests against apartheid

this act defined Communism as any scheme that aimed at bringing about any political social or economic change with the union by promotion of disturbance and disorder

Question 28

what was communism seen as a euphemism for

Answer 28

any form of unrest and the act could be used to imprison anyone

the authorities could also ban organisations and individuals from contacting each other for periods of up to 5 years by using banning orders

Question 29

what were other acts of repression passed by the government

Answer 29

1953 public safety act - allowed the government to call a state of emergency for 12 months and powers to renew it indefinately

Criminal law amendment act 1953 - stated accompanying a person found guilty of a crime you would also be assumed guilty too

censorship acts 1955 + 1956 - censored any criticism in reports and literature that were being imported to South Africa

1956 Riotous assemblies act outlawed any meetings which might endanger hostility between races and prevented any banned persons from adressing public meetings such as 1955 congress of the people which led to the freedom charter

Question 30

the Treason Trail 1956-61