Codifying and implementing Apartheid 1948-59 Flashcards
what were the five goals of apartheid
- define racial groups (protect white race)
- protect white land and territory
- get the industry/economy run by white people
- gain afrikaner support
-reduce racial tensions
what were the two main aims of the national party
to impose white suopremacy through an all embracing system of apartheid
to end political ties with britain and form a republic
what was Grand Apartheid
the overall strategy of keeping the different races seperate as much as possible e.g ensuring they lived in separate areas
what was petty apartheid
day to day restrictions such as separate facilities e.g public amenities and transport waiting rooms
many African people found this more warring than grand apartheid
how did the national party maintain power by increasing the Afrikaner influence in state apparatus
when epopel retired they would replace them with afrikaners
this was done with judges
how did the national pert maintain power using broederbond
it grew in influence to the point that it was almost government
all senior national party politicians and government officials were expected to maintain close ties with it
its policy documents effectively became government thinking
how’d the national party maintain power by the extension of voters
created 6 more seats in government for the south west Africa (Namibia)where most people would vote for nationalists
gained a lot more supporters as each of the new seats contained between 9,000 to 12,000 voters
disfranchisement of coloured voters (the separate representation of voters act 1951) =========
sought an all white electorate
took measures to abolish the right of coloured South Africans to vote
divide and rule
wanted to keep all the different races as far apart as possible and keep them divided into their different tribal units to emphasises their own nationalities
townships were divided into tribal areas. Bantustans were exclusive to different tribal groups
white people were no longer the minority it was the black people
why was Sophiatown the first target of the Group areas act
it was the only place in south Africa where African people were allowed to own property
multi ethnic area
It was representative of the black community
Many Shebeens - illegal bars
tsotsis - young street criminals
Drum magazine - reporting on the urban lifestyle
the process of removal in Sophiatown
planning began in 1950 and within 6 years it was removed (with large resistance)
60,000 people were estimated to live there including members of the ANC
it was bulldozed and was named as Triomf
people who lived there were moved to Soweto
Cato Manor, Durban
south Africas largest city
housed 450,000 people in 1951
1/3 white Indian and black
Indians were the land owners and let it to black people
why was Cato mayor targeted
Black people had begun to attack the Indians as they felt they were being exploited as landlords and storekeepers
142 killed and 1,000 injured
process of removals at Cato Manor
1965 tens of thousands of shacks removed
mostly black people moved away
41,000 Indians were removed from central areas
why was District 6, Cape Town targeted
multiracial largely coloured business and residential area and it was near the heart of Cape Town
process of removals in district 6
60,000 people forcefully removed to the cape flats (Mitchells plain)
buildings were bulldozed
architectural heritage destroyed inoreder to implement radical ideology
wasn’t implement until 1966 as was detected later than all of the others
what did the natives resettlement act a year after the group areas act allow them to do
allowed them to move black people from anywhere in or next to Johannesburg to any other area
reasons for removals
said it was because the areas were slums and that the different races weren’t able to live together peacefully
slums was correct however there was little to suggest that the races couldn’t get on together
the real motive of its destruction was to keep people of colour in certain areas
emphasise that the true homes of African people were the homelands
triomf
final residents weren’t removed until 1959 and was left a wasteland and its name was removed from maps
in 1962 it became an all white suburb called triomf and the name was an insult to non white people and a powerful assertion of governments resolve
hendrik Verwoerd
What was education like before the national party victory
vast majority of education for black children was provided by church run mission schools
1945 - 4360 mission run schools and 230 government run schools
State spent 16x more on white education than black
By 1948 what had begun to happen to black schools
the system was breaking down. poor funding insufficient resources and buildings they could no longer function
rise in African urban population meant that the schools were vastly overcroweded and 33% African children didnt attend school at all
what was The Eiselen report
Eiselen expert on needs for Apartheid was charged with investigating African education and making recommendations for its development.
believed it was important to protect black people from western influences and felt it harmed their culture. felt they would best develop in their own traditions
what did the Eiselen report advocate
a curriculum based on limited skills african people needed to function as a source of cheap labour
the growth in political control of education by the government through the eventual creation of the Department of Bantu Education
what was the Tomlinson report
reported on how the homelands might be developed
what did the Tomlinson report assert
homelands could never support more than 2 thirds of their populations and advised more land be allocated
policies betterment be developed to combat problems such as soil erosion. estimated the cost to be at least £100 million
agricultural workforce should be reduced
industrial concerns could be developed on the outskirts of cities so homeland residents could commute for employment
suppression of communism act 1950
believed that communists were behind the majority of protests against apartheid
this act defined Communism as any scheme that aimed at bringing about any political social or economic change with the union by promotion of disturbance and disorder
what was communism seen as a euphemism for
any form of unrest and the act could be used to imprison anyone
the authorities could also ban organisations and individuals from contacting each other for periods of up to 5 years by using banning orders
what were other acts of repression passed by the government
1953 public safety act - allowed the government to call a state of emergency for 12 months and powers to renew it indefinately
Criminal law amendment act 1953 - stated accompanying a person found guilty of a crime you would also be assumed guilty too
censorship acts 1955 + 1956 - censored any criticism in reports and literature that were being imported to South Africa
1956 Riotous assemblies act outlawed any meetings which might endanger hostility between races and prevented any banned persons from adressing public meetings such as 1955 congress of the people which led to the freedom charter
the Treason Trail 1956-61
