resistance Flashcards
why was there a lack of opposition from the black by 1948
because they had all been divided by geographic zone, race, class and ideoligy
when was the African National Congress (ANC) formed and what did they first oppose
established in 1912 by a group of black professionals
provided opposition to acts like 1913 Natives Land Act
what were the ANC tactics pre Apartheid
were cautious and tried to work along side the white South Africans and used books and articles to express their opinions so found it difficult to get support
what tactics did other opposition ag the time use
strikes, bus boycotts, squatter movements and mass rallies
Many African resisted pass laws by squatting in urban areas and refusing to leave
who was the 1946 Miners strike organised by
the communist party as well as trade unions
what happened in the 1946 miners strike
76,000 miners went on strike over conditions and pay
the army was called to break the strike and police responded violently
12 workers killed
1,2000 injured
why were there bus boycotts in 1948
most africans lived on the edge of citric and bus fares were too expensive for their wages
what was the most significant resistance before 1948
from the Indian community
Mahatma Gandhi - passive resistance
when and why was the African national congress youth league founded ANCYL
1943
wanted more radical action in the movement
there was a growing divide between the older members of the ANC and some younger ones
inspired by rise of anti colonial rhetoric and believed in mass political action
who initially ran the ANCYL and what did he believe about the ANC
Anton Lambede
ANC - ‘a body of gentlemen with clean hands” and that they should do more to fight injustice
what were the leaders of the ANCYL backgrounds
Many had legal backgrounds and were a small minority of black people that attended uni
in 1947 Lambede died and Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela took over
what were the key beliefs of the ANCYL
African people should be self determining
after 1948 started to argue that they should stop taking concessions from the white government and have a more confrontational approach to white minority rule
-boycotts, passive resistance, mass action
didnt sit well with ANC
why was the congress alliance formed
no non black person was allowed in the party itself
when was the congress alliance formed and who was in it
1955
ANC, South African Indian Congress, white and coloured activists.
who else did the ANC make an Alliance with
the communists party
although they were banned in 1950 they operated underground
many reluctant to work with them
why did the alliance with the communist party cause some divide in ANC
some believe that communist, Indians and coloureds had too much influence in what as supposed to be an African focused political group
Why was the Pan Africanist congress made PAC
made by members of the ANC who felt that the organisation had a number of flaws
1959
was promoted alot by the government and the ANC thought it was because the wanted to break up the African Nationalist movement
who were the leaders of the PAC
two ex teachers well educated
Potlako Leballo and Robert Sobukwe
Leballo had been important part of ANCYL but disagreed with ANC actions and ideas
Sobukwe- member of. ANC through 1950s kept low profile as one of the only black lecturers in Uni of Witwatersrand
what were the PAC ideas
africa for africans
argued non africans were gaining too much influence in the congress movement
believed all land should be returned to africans
Pan- Africanist ideas that african states should create a United States of Africa
suggested more violent confrontational ways of protesting
who had the most support within SA
ANC as it was more effective at building alliances with other groups and PAC attitude top other groups
who had the most support outside of south Africa
PAC
Independent African States e.g Ghana and Guinea offered them support
when Mandela travelled in 1950s he found PAC to be stronger group
reasons for the ANC working with the Communist party
communist help the poor and the black population was the majority of the poor.
Communist party wouldn’t gain support on their own so they worked with ANC for a democratic revolution and wanted a communist one to come afterwards
Limitations of creating an alliance with the communist party
they were disliked in SA and were banned in 1950
what were the limitations of the fact that ANC didnt accept any other races
it restricts the limits to work closely with them
reasons for ANC link with White liberal party
formed in 1953
advocated for a new language of politics based on respect and equal individual rights
attracted some black support
what were some limitations of the White liberal party
were suspicious of communists and wouldn’t work with them
liberalism was also crushed by white fears and attractions of radical nationalism at the time
