resistance

Question 1

why was there a lack of opposition from the black by 1948

Answer 1

because they had all been divided by geographic zone, race, class and ideoligy

Question 2

when was the African National Congress (ANC) formed and what did they first oppose

Answer 2

established in 1912 by a group of black professionals

provided opposition to acts like 1913 Natives Land Act

Question 3

what were the ANC tactics pre Apartheid

Answer 3

were cautious and tried to work along side the white South Africans and used books and articles to express their opinions so found it difficult to get support

Question 4

what tactics did other opposition ag the time use

Answer 4

strikes, bus boycotts, squatter movements and mass rallies

Many African resisted pass laws by squatting in urban areas and refusing to leave

Question 5

who was the 1946 Miners strike organised by

Answer 5

the communist party as well as trade unions

Question 6

what happened in the 1946 miners strike

Answer 6

76,000 miners went on strike over conditions and pay

the army was called to break the strike and police responded violently

12 workers killed

1,2000 injured

Question 7

why were there bus boycotts in 1948

Answer 7

most africans lived on the edge of citric and bus fares were too expensive for their wages

Question 8

what was the most significant resistance before 1948

Answer 8

from the Indian community

Mahatma Gandhi - passive resistance

Question 9

when and why was the African national congress youth league founded ANCYL

Answer 9

1943

wanted more radical action in the movement

there was a growing divide between the older members of the ANC and some younger ones

inspired by rise of anti colonial rhetoric and believed in mass political action

Question 10

who initially ran the ANCYL and what did he believe about the ANC

Answer 10

Anton Lambede

ANC - ‘a body of gentlemen with clean hands” and that they should do more to fight injustice

Question 11

what were the leaders of the ANCYL backgrounds

Answer 11

Many had legal backgrounds and were a small minority of black people that attended uni

in 1947 Lambede died and Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela took over

Question 12

what were the key beliefs of the ANCYL

Answer 12

African people should be self determining

after 1948 started to argue that they should stop taking concessions from the white government and have a more confrontational approach to white minority rule

-boycotts, passive resistance, mass action
didnt sit well with ANC

Question 13

why was the congress alliance formed

Answer 13

no non black person was allowed in the party itself

Question 14

when was the congress alliance formed and who was in it

Answer 14

1955
ANC, South African Indian Congress, white and coloured activists.

Question 15

who else did the ANC make an Alliance with

Answer 15

the communists party

although they were banned in 1950 they operated underground

many reluctant to work with them

Question 16

why did the alliance with the communist party cause some divide in ANC

Answer 16

some believe that communist, Indians and coloureds had too much influence in what as supposed to be an African focused political group

Question 17

Why was the Pan Africanist congress made PAC

Answer 17

made by members of the ANC who felt that the organisation had a number of flaws
1959

was promoted alot by the government and the ANC thought it was because the wanted to break up the African Nationalist movement

Question 18

who were the leaders of the PAC

Answer 18

two ex teachers well educated
Potlako Leballo and Robert Sobukwe

Leballo had been important part of ANCYL but disagreed with ANC actions and ideas

Sobukwe- member of. ANC through 1950s kept low profile as one of the only black lecturers in Uni of Witwatersrand

Question 19

what were the PAC ideas

Answer 19

africa for africans

argued non africans were gaining too much influence in the congress movement

believed all land should be returned to africans

Pan- Africanist ideas that african states should create a United States of Africa

suggested more violent confrontational ways of protesting

Question 20

who had the most support within SA

Answer 20

ANC as it was more effective at building alliances with other groups and PAC attitude top other groups

Question 21

who had the most support outside of south Africa

Answer 21

PAC

Independent African States e.g Ghana and Guinea offered them support

when Mandela travelled in 1950s he found PAC to be stronger group

Question 22

reasons for the ANC working with the Communist party

Answer 22

communist help the poor and the black population was the majority of the poor.

Communist party wouldn’t gain support on their own so they worked with ANC for a democratic revolution and wanted a communist one to come afterwards

Question 23

Limitations of creating an alliance with the communist party

Answer 23

they were disliked in SA and were banned in 1950

Question 24

what were the limitations of the fact that ANC didnt accept any other races

Answer 24

it restricts the limits to work closely with them

Question 25

reasons for ANC link with White liberal party

Answer 25

formed in 1953

advocated for a new language of politics based on respect and equal individual rights

attracted some black support

Question 26

what were some limitations of the White liberal party

Answer 26

were suspicious of communists and wouldn’t work with them

liberalism was also crushed by white fears and attractions of radical nationalism at the time