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history- power and the people > the impact of war and technology on surgery > Flashcards

the impact of war and technology on surgery Flashcards

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1
Q

what happened to these industries during the First World War?

A

Britain’s heavy industries enjoyed high output and a dramatic increase in people working for them

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2
Q

what had happened to coal mines during WW1?

A

they were nationalised

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3
Q

what pushed British coal mine owners further into crisis?

A

foreign competition and a lack of modern technology

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4
Q

what did the unions want the government to do to the mines?

A

renationalise the mines and the mines needed investment

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5
Q

what happened on 15th April 1921?

A

mine owners announced an extension of the working day along with a drop in wages

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6
Q

what did the miners do on 15th April 1921?

A

striked

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7
Q

what did the TUC do on 15th April 1921?

A

called other industries out on strike in solidarity

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8
Q

why did the miners have to return back to work with longer days and lower wages?

A

the railway and dockers unions pulled out- they did not feel the immediate concerns as the miners did- they were not as worried for their jobs

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9
Q

what was Britain like in May 1926?

A

Britain was almost at a standstill- coal miners across the country were angered by falling wages and increased working hours

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10
Q

what happened to the price of coal in 1925?

A

it fell again and the mine owners declared further changes to hours and pay

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11
Q

what happened on Friday 31st July 1925?

A

Baldwin agreed to subsidise the coal industry

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12
Q

what was the Samuels Commission?

A

to reach an agreement between the miners and the mine owners

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13
Q

what happened in April 1926?

A

Baldwin’s subsidy money ran out- the TUC met to discuss action

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14
Q

what happened on 1st May?

A

May Day0 a day when workers’ rights are celebrated- they agreed to strike

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15
Q

what happened on 3rd May?

A

Britain’s first General Strike began- ships sat unloaded in docks, trains didn’t move and coal wasn’t mined
the strike divided the country

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16
Q

how many days did the General Strike last for?

A

9 days in May 1926

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17
Q

how did the government use the Emergency Powers Act?

A

to arrange for the army to take over the jobs of the striking workers

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18
Q

how did the government use middle-class students?

A

encouraged them to take a break from university and work in heavy industries- more than 226,000 student volunteers did this

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19
Q

what was the British Gazette?

A

the propaganda campaign- the newspaper of the British Gazette- tried to turn the public against the strikers
the newspaper was edited by Winston Churchill

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20
Q

what did Stanley Baldwin make speeches referring to the strike as?

A

a revolution- this fuelled the public’s fear of Communism

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21
Q

how did the government use armoured cars?

A

armoured cars were driven by the army and police were sent to key cities to stop the violent clashes between the strikers and government supporters
armed with machine guns

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22
Q

what newspaper did the TUC make?

A

the British Worker- used it to explain the motivations for the strike

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23
Q

what did the TUC use the paper for?

A

to remind strikers to remain peaceful and not use violent tactics

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24
Q

were all strikers peaceful?

A

some strikers became violent and there were clashes with the police

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25
Q

why did strikers travel the country?

A

to picket with other industries in solidarity

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26
Q

why were funds set up?

A

to help feed the strikers and their families- this would ensure the strike could keep going

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27
Q

when did the strike stop?

A

on 12th May

28
Q

how did the strike end?

A

with the TUC deciding to negotiate with the government and finally accepting the findings of the Samuel Commission

29
Q

why could the TUC not continue on with strike action?

A

they had run out of money

30
Q

how many months had the government been preparing the strike for?

A

9 months

31
Q

why had the public opinion gone against the strikers?

A

because of some of the strikers violent actions

32
Q

was the Labour Party in full support of the strike?

A

no

33
Q

when did the miners fully return back to work?

A

in November when they were forced back by hunger and disillusionment
they worked longer hours for lower wages- many felt the strike was for nothing

34
Q

what happened to union membership after the General Strike?

A

fell dramatically

35
Q

what did union membership falling coincide with?

A

unemployment

36
Q

what Act did the government pass in 1927?

A

the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act

37
Q

what did the 1927 Act make illegal?

A

made it illegal for unions to join together to strike

38
Q

what could unions no longer do now that the 1927 Act was passed?

A

no longer use money from union memberships to fund political parties- all members had to agree for this to happen- had an impact on the unions relationships with the Labour Party and weakened the power of the unions

39
Q

when did union membership reach peak levels?

A

the Second World War

40
Q

why was the General Strike significant in the short term?

A

showed the power of the TUC and the solidarity of the working class
failed after 9 days- showed the greater power of the government and was a blow to the miners union
the TUC negotiated with the government behind the miners back
the government planned for 9 months, recruited volunteers and used the army to keep the country running

41
Q

how was the General Strike significant in the long term?

A

weakened the TU movements as the Government passed the Trade Disputes Act in 1927- this banned sympathy strikes and mass picketing
half a million members left TUS in 1927- employers felt they had control of their workers and not worry about TUS
Labour party was weakened due to its association with the TUS and public sympathy for
the idea of strike action decreased
TUC had run out of money and could not continue with the strike action- were defeated by the government who had been preparing for the strike for 9 months

42
Q

why were there increasing problems in the coal mining industry?

A

many pits had become unproductive

43
Q

who was the miners strike against?

A

Margaret Thatcher and Arthur Scargill- leader of the NUM

44
Q

Why was the Miners Strike significant in the short term?

A

it lasted for over a year and was a direct challenge to the government
showed that NUM were not that strong- they were not united and many pits kept working
violence between the police and the strikers as the police were sent to prevent striking miners picketing at working pits
the government won as the miners returned to work with nothing gained

45
Q

how was the Miners Strike significant in the long term?

A

the powers of the unions was reduced considerably
TUS became pressure groups trying to maintain the rights of their members rather than a collective force to challenge the government
employers can enforce zero hours contract and many workers don’t belong to TUS

46
Q

in 1900 how much of Britain’s labour force were in a trade union?

A

12%

47
Q

by 1983 how much of Britain’s labour force were in a trade union?

A

50%

48
Q

what were features of post-war Britain?

A

the creation of the welfare state, the National Health Service and the nationalisation of key industries

49
Q

what did the nationalisation of industries create a good relationship with?

A

between the government, employers and union members

50
Q

what helped to gain union support after the General Strike?

A

the appointment of Ernest Bevin as a moderate union leader

51
Q

what did the Labour government do in 1946?

A

passed the Trades Disputes and Trade Unions Act
union membership flourished

52
Q

what happened in the 1960’s?

A

country suffers from periods of inflation, unions demand wage increases to match rising prices

53
Q

what happened during 1969-1971?

A

smaller unions join together- membership continues to increase

54
Q

what did MP Barbara Castle do in 1969?

A

produced a plan calling for a secret ballot and a 28 day cooling-off period before a strike is approved

55
Q

what act is passed in 1971?

A

Industrial Relations Act introduced- makes ballots compulsory

56
Q

what happened in 1972 and 1974?

A

NUM vote for coal strikes- leads to shortages of coal, government rations electricity and brings in a 3 day working week

57
Q

what happened in 1974?

A

New Labour government abolishes Industrial Relations Act and introduces social contract instead, securing regular wage increases for workers

58
Q

what happened in 1976?

A

social contract challenged by British-Asian women working in Grunwick Film Processing Laboratories in London- they strike for two years in protest at poor working conditions- their leaders, including Jayaben Desai, go on hunger strike

59
Q

what happened in Winter 1978-1979?

A

strikes in many industries- leads to Winter of Discontent- reports of rubbish piling up in streets and bodies piling up in morgues as workers strike

60
Q

what happened in 1979?

A

Conservatives win election- Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister- government begins to challenge strength of unions

61
Q

what happened in 1980 and 1982?

A

Employment Acts introduced- changing rules on picketing and making it unlawful for someone to be dismissed because of a closed shop (a place of work where all employees must belong to the same trade union)

62
Q

what happened in 1984 with strikes?

A

miners strike- led by Arthur Scargill, sweep country- Women Against Pit Closures set up to rally support in communities and help feed families

63
Q

what happened in 1984 with Thatcher’s government and Trade Unions?

A

Thatcher’s government introduces Trade Union Act- states 80% of members must agree for strikes to be called
closed shops are illegal unless 85% of workers are happy with the situation
secondary picketing (of companies that do business with employer) is outlawed

64
Q

what happened in 1985?

A

Miners strike ends in government victory- the way the miners were treated caused controversy
inflation falls, unemployment rises above 3 million

65
Q

what change did the laws the Conservatives bring in in the early 1980’s?

A

did not end confrontations between employers and workers, disputes by print industry workers, teachers and miners
none are particularly successful

66
Q

why did the miners strike end?

A

huge stockpiles of unsold coal, split in the miners union, lack of support from other unions and negative press attention

history- power and the people (13 decks)

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