part three: reform and reformers- protest and change Flashcards
factory and social reform
what were the main products being made in factories in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
woollen and cotton cloth
what did men do in coal mines?
manually cut the coal away from the coal seam
what did women do in the mines?
worked as bearers carrying the coal to the surface
what would older boys do in the mines?
push the coal in carts from the coal seam to the bearers
what would children as young as 4 do in the mines?
work as trappers
they would sit in the dark for up to 12 hours a day- opening the door for the carts and to provide ventilation
many lost their legs when the carts ran over them
what did Michael Sadler’s report show?
factory children were being caught under machines and injured
what was the 10 hour movement created by Sadler?
those under 18 should not be allowed to work more than 10 hours a day
what did Lord Shaftesbury support?
the 10 hour movement and the Mines Act of 1842
why were some people against reform?
because of laissez-faire politics
why did many workers not support the factory reform acts?
they limited the amount of money coming into a household
what could the Poor Law Amendment of 1834 lead to?
increased the pressure on workers- if they could not make enough money, they were put into workhouses-families separated, lives ruined
what was Robert Owen’s political stance?
he was a socialist- he was led by the wellbeing of his workers not profits
he believed in a more equal society
what did Robert Owen change?
by 1810, he had introduced an 8 hour day
what did Robert Owen open in 1816?
a school- all children had to have a certain number of hours of education, depending on their age
what did Edwin Chadwick change?
the reform of the Poor Law- record numbers of people entering the workhouses in the 1930’s- he was very unpopular
what report did Edwin Chadwick write?
The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population- showed the link between the poor housing and sanitation of the factory workers and the outbreaks of killer diseases like cholera
what did Elizabeth Fry change?
the conditions of Newgate Prison- hundreds of women and children on the floor in 2 cells
how did Elizabeth Fry change the prisons?
she visited the prison regularly and established a school and a chapel
her brother in law was an MP- he raised the issue of prison reform in Parliament
prisons were reformed and conditions for women on transportation ships
what did Josephine Butler change?
the issue of child prostitution- campaigned for the age of consent to rise from 13-16
what law was passed in 1869?
the Contagious Disease Act- introduced as a way of keeping STI’s away from the armed forces
what did Butler’s campaigning change?
the repeal of the act in 1883
