part two- popular uprisings against the Crown (chapter 4) Flashcards
4.1, 4.2, 4,3
when did Henry VIII become king?
1509
what was the Reformation?
a religious movement in the 1500s that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church
why did the Reformation occur?
many people believed there was a problem with the Church’s wealth and its influence in society- even the King began to question the Church
what did people think about the monasteries?
the monasteries and nunneries were becoming too powerful
what did they think about the people of the monasteries?
many people had forgotten their vows of poverty and were living a life of luxury while people outside starved
what was Martin Luther angry about?
he was angry at the clergy selling indulgences for sin- people would give the priests money to get forgiveness for their sins- he believed Christians were saved by their own sins
what did Luther do that started the Protestant Reformation?
he translated the Bible into German- his ideas spread around Europe and started the Protestant Reformation
what problems did Henry VIII have with his reign?
the Pope had competing power with him- the English people would take direction from the Pope, not Henry
why did Henry make himself the head of the Church of England?
so he could get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon
what act was passed that allowed Henry to be the head of the Church of England?
the Act of Supremacy, 1534
what did the Act of Supremacy allow him to do?
he had full control and no longer had to pay taxes to the Pope in Rome
who most famously refused to recognise Henry as the head of the church?
his Lord Chancellor, Thomas More
what law did Henry create?
to make it treason not to accept Henry as the head of the church
who did Henry create the law with?
Thomas Cromwell
what was Thomas Cromwell part of?
Henry’s court
what was Cromwell to Henry?
his most faithful servant- he helped to secure Henry’s divorce and make Henry wealthy again
how much of the land did the monasteries control?
a 1/4 of the land in England and had a combined annual income of £200,000
what happened in 1536?
parliament passed an act closing all small monasteries that had an annual income of less than £200
what was Valor Ecclesiasticus?
an evaluation of monastery finances
who set up Valor Ecclesiasticus?
Thomas Cromwell
what did Cromwell do in regards to Valor Ecclesiasticus?
he sent inspectors to the monasteries to see what they were spending their money on- if they were seen not to be run properly they would be closed down and the Crown would take the finances- reports were sent to Cromwell and if they were positive they would be sent back to be rewritten in a way that showed them in a less positive light
why were people unhappy with Henry’s changes- rising prices?
prices normally stayed the same every year but they continued to rise under Henry- people blamed his advisors
why were people unhappy with Henry’s changes- changes to religion?
many people disliked the changes made to the Church- they wanted the monasteries back and the Pope as head of the church
why were people unhappy with Henry’s changes- landowners lost influence?
many landowners who had been advisors to the king fell out of favour after the divorce- they had been supporters of Catherine and felt pushed out- they blamed Cromwell
why were people unhappy with Henry’s changes- Cromwell’s power?
Cromwell was seen as the creator of the new religious policies and he had helped Henry get a divorce from Catherine- many of the landowners disliked him, as he was the son of a blacksmith and therefore seen as not good enough to advise the King
when did the Pilgrimage of Grace occur?
1536
where did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin?
Yorkshire
who was the uprising by?
devout Christians who were worried and angered by the changes that Henry had made to the Church
who was the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
a lawyer called Robert Aske
what did Aske and his followers want to do?
they wanted Henry to restore the monasteries- in the North of England the monasteries did some important social work and were not as corrupt as in the South
recognise the Pope as the Head of the Church
dismiss Cromwell and other ministers who were giving the King poor advice
what did the marchers carry?
a banner showing the five wounds of Christ- the uprising was about religion and was against those who were seen to be corrupting it
what happened throughout October 1536?
the pilgrims captured key locations
where did the rebellion begin?
in Lincoln with Lord Hussey- a supporter of Catherine
what did Lord Hussey want?
they wanted a removal of taxes
what rebellion happened after Lincoln?
York and Pontefract Castle- which had been held by Lord Darcy, a supporter of Henry were captured
by the end of October what had happened?
they had control of most of England, north of Cheshire and Lincolnshire
who did Henry choose to negotiate with the pilgrims?
the Duke of Norfolk
who was the Duke of Norfolk?
a Catholic and a critic of Cromwell
when and where did the Duke of Norfolk meet the pilgrims?
27th October at Doncaster Bridge
what was the Duke of Norfolk’s army?
8000 men and Aske had 30,000 men
what did Norfolk reassure Aske with?
he would present a list of demands straight to Henry
how long did the rebels take to meet their demands?
a month
what were the demands?
they were the same as before except this time they added that a parliament must meet in York- they now wanted better representation for the North
what did Norfolk do in regards to the demands of the pilgrims?
he reassured Aske and the rebels that royal pardons would be given- Aske took off his pilgrim’s badge and the rebels went home
what happened in December 1536?
Robert Aske spent the Christmas holiday with Henry at his palace in Greenwich
what news did the rebels receive in December 1536?
the king was strengthening his garrison in the north- he had no intention of sticking to his word- the rebels decided to strike first
what happened in January 1537?
castles in Hull, Beverley and Scarborough were attacked by the rebels
what did the rebellions in January 1537 give Henry the excuse to do?
cancel the pardons
what did Norfolk do once the rebellions began again in January 1537?
Norfolk travelled North again and a further rebellion took him to Carlisle- the rebels surrendered and 74 of them were hanged in their own gardens- Norfolk did not hang more because he felt they had been humiliated enough
what happened to Robert Aske?
he was killed in York on 12th July 1537
what happened to Darcy and Hussey?
they were beheaded the previous year in London
when was the dissolution of the larger monasteries?
in 1539
what happened to the monasteries?
they were left empty- having been stripped of the gold and jewels by the monks
what improved greatly after the pilgrimage?
court finances as they had the money from the monasteries
what did Henry spend this money on?
developing the Royal Navy- building more ships like the Mary Rose and reinforcing fortifications- he was still worried about foreign attack
what happened in the long term with Henry and his control?
he consolidated his control in the North with the council of the North
he increased the power of loyal families and secured the border on Scotland
what happened in the short term with Henry?
he was convinced about the need for the end of the monasteries and was adamant that he should have control over all people and institutions
were there any more rebellions during Henry’s reign?
no
why was Thomas Cromwell executed?
he had fallen out of favour with the king and was charged with treason and corruption
what was one of the things Henry blamed Cromwell for?
encouraging him to marry Anne of Cleves- his fourth wife who was not to his liking
when was Cromwell beheaded?
July 1540
what happened after Cromwell was beheaded?
Henry now had control over the Church and his country
