part one- challenging authority and feudalism Flashcards
what were 5 main qualities of a good medieval king?
-expected to defend his people by leading his army well
-maintaining the support of important people eg barons
-keep the country peaceful
-successfully deal with rebellions
-maintain good relations with the church
king john being a good king- (trials)?
-the english were allowed to have a fair trial consisting of a judge and a jury
-he sometimes delayed proceedings to make sure a trial was fair
king john being a good king (money and richard)?
-richard left john in debt because of wars with france
-john struggled to raise enough money to defend england
king john being a good king (father and brother)?
he would never be able to live up to his father and brothers great reputation
king john being a bad king (scutage)?
John charged barons to help him fight wars in France
-john wasnt very good at fighting- the barons then lost land in france and so therefore lost money
what did johns disagreement with the pope lead to?
-the pope banned church services in England-even marriages and funerals-
-this frightened the people as without regular attendance at mass they believed they would go to Hell
-the barons became nervous- breakdown between the king and the church which could lead to an invasion from a foreign king
what was king johns nickname?
lackland and softsword
what was medieval society built up on?
the feudal system
what is the feudal system?
land holding and distribution in which the land is paid for by performing services and work for the owners
why is there many negative reports and accounts of king john?
only the educated monks and barons could write down their feelings during the Middle Ages and John frequently got in conflict with them
under whos leadership did the barons put an army together?
robert fitzwalter
on what date did the barons meet king john to negotiate the best way the country should be governed?
15th june 1215
where did the barons meet on 15th june 1215 with king john?
runnymeade
what was signed on 15th june 1215?
the magna carta
what does the magna carta translate to in english?
great charter
how many promises did the magna carta consist of that the barons wanted king john to keep?
63
magna carta: barons heir?
a barons heir shall inherit his lands on payment of £100 to the king
magna carta: scutage?
no scutage shall be imposed on the barons except with the common counsel of the realm
magna carta: freemen?
no freemen shall be arrested or imprisoned without a proper trial and according to the law of the land
magna carta: english church?
the english church shall be free to make its own appointments
magna carta: merchants?
all merchants shall have safety in staying and travelling in england, for buying and selling goods and free from evil tolls
what was a merchant?
a person that buys and sells goods
what was clause 61 of magna carta?
a group of 25 barons will be created to monitor the king and ensure he commits to magna carta
why was the magna carta not very important to all of the people of england at the time?
it only referred to freemen such as barons
peasants and villeins were not free
the barons were only looking out for their own interests and only included the church and merchants because they have to get more support against john
magna carta only changed things for what kind of people?
only the politically powerful
how did magna carta become more significant as the years passed?
it applied to more people as they began to gain their freedom
the magna carta is one of the first major steps in britains journey to becoming what?
one of the worlds best-known democracies
what did the pope do in august 1215?
the pope said the magna carta was invalid as he was forced to sign it
john had the support of the pope but the barons had support from who?
the french whos king was ready to fight john
the barons took control of what city and requested support from what country?
london and they requested support from france so the french king sent some knights to help secure london
where was john while the barons were in london?
dover
where is rochester castle?
it lies between dover and london
when did johns men arrive with 5 siege engines, consisting of catapults and trebuchets?
october 1215
in october 2015 john and his men were prepared with what weapons?
5 siege engines, consisting of catapults and trebuchets
what date did the siege of rochester end?
30th november 1215
what happened in may 1216?
-when he was in kent, the french prince louis arrived with troops
-the barons called for him and promised him the english throne
john fled to southwest england
-louis with support from the barons took control of most of england by capturing strategic towns and castles
the barons had the support of a foreign power so they could defeat john
what date was prince louis announced king?
2nd june 1216
where was prince louis announced king?
st pauls cathedral
when did king john die?
october 1216
once king john died who did the barons crown king?
johns young son- henry III
what is a regent?
a person who acts as an advisor to a monarch if they are very young- this person can hold great influence
who was henry III’s regent?
the earl of pembroke
what date did henry III become king?
28th october 1216
what year was a parliament that represented people other than the barons established?
1295
during whos reign was a parliament that represented people other than the barons established?
edward I
what is the definition of parliament?
group of people responsible for making laws
what year did henry III take over running the country?
1234
who was the earl of leicester?
simon de montford
what does aristocratic mean?
being part of the ruling class or the nobility
what happened in 1229 with simon de montford?
simon tried to reclaim back some of the family land they had lost to henry
henry gave de montford what job?
the job of being a steward
what is a steward?
the person who managed the king’s finances and estates-sometimes worked for the kings interests in other countries
why did de montford like the role of being a steward?
it put him in a position to meet rich widows
who did de montford marry?
henrys sister, eleanor
some people view de montford in a positive way as being what?
a hero and the creator of modern democracy
other people view de montford in a negative way as being what?
an opportunistic baron who got lucky marrying the kings sister
simon de montford was earl of leicester from what years?
1239-1265
simon de montfords year span?
1208- August 1265
what does pious mean?
deeply religious, observing religion completely
henry increased payments to pope innocent IV for what reason?
to help the pope fight wars in europe
how much did henry pay the pope to buy sicily?
3x his annual wages
why did it annoy the barons that henry bought sicily?
it showed he put his familys interests above the barons and he wanted to build his kingdom for his own interest
after henry initially bought sicily how many years was it that he failed to pay the promised money?
4 years later
pope alexander IV threatened to do what to henry?
excommunicate him
as well as threatening to excommunicate henry, what else did the pope threaten henry with?
henrys brother richard should become the holy roman emperor
if richard became the holy roman emperor what would it mean for europe and the popes control?
part of europe would be under the control of the pope
why was having a holy roman emperor beneficial for the pope?
henry and richard would pay for the sicilian war which would also mean an increase in taxes for the barons
who was henrys brother?
richard
how did henry have close relationships with the french?
because of his marriage
why did henrys relationship with the french alarm the barons?
because the english severely disliked the french
who was henrys tutor and advisor?
peter de roches- a french man
why did the barons alarm raise when henry began to let french men into parliament?
they felt england was coming under french rule
how did simon de montford die?
in the battle of evesham, fighting against the king
in what year did henry take his army to brittany and gascony?
1230
did de montford successfully gain back the land henrys father had lost in france?
yes- he used military skill and ruthlessness
in 1254 what things had henry done that angered the barons?
-land lost in france
-more money to the pope in rome for wars against sicily
the barons not supporting henry meant what?
henry could not provide the funds necessary for the pope- it was likely he could be excommunicated
what year did the provisions of oxford occur?
1258
what were the provisions of oxford?
a council of 15 barons would be in charge of the great council
one of the provisions of oxford (foreign)?
foreign members of the royal household would be banished
one of the provisions of oxford (castles)?
castles would be held by an englishman
one of the provisions of oxford (counties)?
each county would have a sheriff and taxes would be decided locally
what did the provisions of oxford settle for the barons?
-foreign control of england
-they also refused to fund the planned payment to the pope over the wars in sicily
what did the provisions of oxford do in terms of power for the barons?
they gave the barons majority of the power as they stated that the barons could make decisions without the kings presence/approval
-the king could also not make decisions without approval of the council
according to the provisions of oxford parliament had to be called and meet how many times a year?
at least 3 times a year
which baron in particular was very angry about the provisions of oxford?
richard de clare the earl of gloucester
why did the younger barons dislike the provisions of oxford?
they hadnt been elected to the council and so therefore lost their influence
what was a burgess?
a person who owned land or a house in a burgh
the provisions of oxford were extended in october 1259 to become what?
the provisions of westminister
why were the provisions of westminister important?
they reformed local government and were popular among the less powerful and wealthy members of society
in what year did the pope receive confirmation from the pope that he would be released from the provisions?
1261
who won the battle of lewes?
de montfort and his men
what year did the battle of lewes occur?
1264
what did de montfort do to the king and his son?
captured the king and imprisoned his son- prince edward
who was henry III’s son?
prince edward
what is a republic?
a country with a system of government where an elected president has supreme power as opposed to a monarch
what date was the second barons war?
20th january 1265
what happened in june 1264?
de montford summoned a parliament of knights and lords from across the kingdom to consolidate his control
when the new parliament was gathered in january 1265, what did it include?
two urban burgesses from each of the major towns of england
the power in the new parliament had passed from what to what new approach?
the feudal countryside into the growing towns
when did edward escape captivity?
may 1265
what happened to de montford at the batlle of evesham?
he was defeated, slaughtered and mutilated
in 1265 why did de montford invite burgesses and knights from every county to his meeting of the great council?
to increase his support which he was lacking from the powerful barons
what did the burgesses represent?
the growing merchant class who were making money in the growing towns all over england
what year did the battle of evesham occur?
1265
what is an autocrat?
a ruler who holds all of the power
in 1265 the barons turned against who and began to support who?
they turned against de montford and began to support henry and prince edward
what happened on 4th august 1265?
de montford fell from his horse screaming “good grace”
his body was then cut into pieces and even his genitals were cut off and the pieces were sent around the country as a warning
what year did henry rule until?
1272
what did edward call in 1295?
the model parliament
what was the model parliament?
the first parliament to resemble ours today- it had representatives from the church and the aristocracy as well as those from the counties and boroughs (commoners)
what was the glorious revolution?
parliament gained more control than the monarch in 1688
what year did the battle of evesham end?
1267
