part two- Divine right and parliamentary authority Flashcards
5.1A, 5.1B, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
when did James VI become King?
when Elizabeth died in 1603
what type of king was James VI?
a extravagant king who spent money unwisely and this led to tension with parliament when they refused to give him any more money or raise it through taxes
why did the parliament not give James VI anymore money?
they knew he would give the money to his favourites at court
when did Charles 1st become king?
1625
what did Charles 1st believe in?
the divine right of kings and that the royal court should be removed from everyday life
who did Charles 1st make a favourite?
the Duke of Buckingham
when did Charles dissolve Parliament?
1629
how long did Charles not call Parliament for?
the next 11 years
what do some people call these 11 years?
Eleven Years Tyranny
why did parliament not want to give Charles the money?
they felt they could not trust him
who was Charles married to?
a Catholic
what were the parliament afraid of if they gave the money to Charles?
that he would use the money to become independent from Parliament
what tax did Charles introduce in 1637?
Ship Money
what was Ship Money?
a tax that was normally paid by those in coastal towns as a means of raising money to build the navy
who did Charles make pay ship money?
everyone
why were Parliament concerned about Ship Money?
it could make Charles financially independent- therefore resulting in him being able to make decisions without consulting Parliament
which MP refused to pay ship money?
John Hampden
who did Charles marry?
a Catholic Princess from France- Henrietta Maria
when did Henrietta become Charles’ closest advisor?
when Buckingham was killed in 1628
who was the man with the most influence over religion in England?
William Laud
when was William Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury?
in 1633
what religion was Laud?
Arminian- meaning he thought people should worship in a similar way to Catholics
what did Laud want in terms of religion?
the church clergy to be more separate from the congregation and to be dressed in robes that showed their importance
he wanted churches to be more decorated with candles, crosses, statues and paintings
who did Laud’s changes bring opposition to?
Puritans- they wanted the King to reverse the Laudian reforms
what was one famous form of opposition from three men against Laud?
Prynne, Bastwick and Burton- they wrote a pamphlet criticising the church
what happened to the 3 men who protested?
they were tried in the Star Chamber
what was the Star Chamber?
a substitute for Parliament during Charles’ personal reign- used for anyone who spoke out against the King and Laud
was known for being corrupt as it always came down on the side of the king
how were the 3 men punished?
as thieves would be- pilloried- their faces branded and their ears cut off
what was the reaction of the English people towards the punishment of the 3 men?
widespread support- when they were released from prison, they were met by a large cheering crowd and when their ears were cut off, people dipped their handkerchiefs in their blood- the 3 men were seen as heroes
what religion was Scotland at the time?
Presbyterian- a type of Protestantism
what happened in 1637 with the King in Scotland?
the king insisted that everyone in Scotland should use the new Laudian prayer book
what was the new Laudian prayer book like?
relied on the catechism- religious instruction from the priest- and moved away from the Protestant method of personal worship
how did the Scots respond to the new Laudian prayer book?
there were riots in St Giles cathedral in Edinburgh
what did the Scots sign in 1938?
a covenant saying that would not support the changes
what did the people who signed the Covenant become known as?
the Covenanters
what happened when Charles sent an army in 1639?
the Covenanters defeated it and they then invaded England
when did Charles ask to meet Parliament?
April 1640
what did Parliament agree with Charles in April 1640?
Charles had to promise not to pass laws without parliament’s agreement, not to raise unpopular taxes and to stop Laud’s religious changes
what was this new Parliament called?
the Short Parliament as it only lasted a few days as Charles would not give in to parliaments demands
who was one of Charles’ favourites?
Thomas Wentworth- the Earl of Strafford
what was Wentworth’s job?
he was sent to Ireland to keep control- there was tension in Ireland between Catholics and Protestants in social and political life- many of the Protestants were from Scotland and England and had been originally sent by Ireland by James and Charles to keep order and prevent rebellions- these postings were know as plantations
why was Parliament not happy about Strafford’s control in Ireland?
he had a strong and loyal army and parliament was concerned that Charles would try to bring this army to England and use it against the English
when did Strafford encourage Charles to rule England?
when parliament refused to give Charles the funds to fight the Scots
when was the other parliament run by Charles?
November 1640
when did the English Civil War begin?
August 1642
when did Strafford return back to England?
in 1640
what happened when Strafford returned back to England?
riots broke out in Ireland
who were the riots involving?
Catholics and Protestants- thousands of Protestants were killed by Catholics
under what terms were Parliament willing to give money to suppress the Irish rebellion?
they did not want Charles in charge of the army
who was John Pym?
a leading opponent of the King- he presented the Grand Remonstrance
what were the Great Remonstrance?
a list of grievances towards Charles and Charles realised he would not be made a fool by Parliament
what did Charles do in response to the Grand Remonstrance?
he raised an army and marched to Parliament and arrested the 5 men- the 5 members- who led the opposition
when did the war begin?
August 1942
for how many years were Parliament and the king at war with eachother?
6 years
what were the 2 sides in the war?
the Roundheads (parliament) against the Cavaliers (royalists)
who did the wealthy landowners support?
the king as a way to show personal loyalty and to keep in place the social structure they benefited from
who did the middle class and peasant workers support?
parliament as there was a less rigid social hierarchy in parliament
where did the king have support?
in the north
where did parliament have support?
in the south and in London
what was the first battle of the war?
the Battle of Edgehill
who won the Battle of Edgehill?
there was no clear winner- the king tried to take London and failed and so withdrew to Oxford
both sides fought using cavalry and infantry and used tactics that had been seen in many battles before
who was one of the most prominent royalist commanders?
the king’s nephew- Prince Rupert
what did Prince Rupert do to gain a reputation?
he led successful campaigns against parliamentary forces and this earned him a bad reputation among the Roundheads
what did the parliamentary forces do to combat Prince Rupert’s successes?
they created propaganda against Rupert and his trusty dog, Boy
who led the Roundheads against the Cavaliers?
Oliver Cromwell- with Thomas Fairfax
who was Fairfax?
a lord who had once worked with Charles to fight the Scots- he joined the parliamentary forces in 1642
who trained the New Model Army?
Oliver Cromwell
how did Cromwell hire the men?
based off of ability, rather than privilege
what was the army like?
disciplined and lived by a strict religious and moral code- the men were not allowed to drink or swear
when was the New Model Army first used?
at the Battle of Naseby in 1645
how many men did the New Model Army have?
14,000
how many men did the king’s army have?
9000 men
how did the New Model Army beat the king’s army?
they overcame the royalist cavalry by slowly approaching rather than charging
they overcame the royalist infantry by manoeuvring behind them and attacking from the rear
what did the New Model Army then go on to do?
capture Bristol and then Oxford in 1646
when was Charles captured?
in 1647
who was Charles captured by and where?
by the Scots in Nottinghamshire
when was the king killed?
in January 1649
what happened while Charles was imprisoned?
he wanted to negotiate with parliament to secure a peaceful end to their disagreements
at the same time, he was writing to the Scottish parliament to convince them to raise arms against the English parliament and the New Model Army
he promised the Scots a new Presbyterian Church in England
when did the Second Civil War begin?
the Scots raised an army against Cromwell
where did the 2 sides meet for the Second Civil War?
the Battle of Preston 1648
who won in the Second Civil War?
the Scots- proved Charles could not be trusted
what happened in December 1648?
the regiment of Colonel Thomas Pride surrounded the Houses of Parliament and refused entry to MP’s who were known to support negotiations with the king
who was Thomas Pride?
a soldier in the civil war and had fought with Cromwell against the Scots
what were Thomas Pride’s actions known as?
Pride’s Purge
what did Pride’s Purge mean?
the king would stand trial with no supporters
what was the Rump Parliament?
the remaining members formed a parliament that was known as the Rump Parliament
how many commissioners turned up for Charles’ trial?
68/135
what did Cromwell say when Charles walked into court?
“I tell you we will cut his head off with the crown upon it”
what was another problem parliament encountered?
Charles refused to give a plea- he would not say whether he was guilty or not guilty
who was the court president?
John Bradshaw
what did Bradshaw order for the King?
him to be removed from the court
what did Bradshaw do in the court?
he wore a bulletproof hat
what happened on the 24-27th January?
witness statements were heard-none in support of Charles
what did the court hear of Charles?
he was guilty of starting the war by trying to raise an army in Nottingham
approved of the ill-treatment of parliamentary forces during the war- calling his own subjects enemies
was plotting with his son to start another war while negotiating with parliament
on what date was King Charles 1st guilty of treason and sentenced to death?
27th January 1649
when was Charles taken to Whitehall to be executed?
10am on 30th January 1649
why were people happy about Charles’ defeat?
the soldiers saw Charles’ defeat in battle as a sign that God was against him
other people wanted an end to the taxes they had endured under his reign
what was the long term consequences of Charles’ execution?
the system of taxation was reorganised to make it more efficient for everyone after the king’s execution
many enjoyed the new sense of freedom- society became more equal and ordered because of Puritanism
what happened to Jews after Charles’ execution?
Jews, who were expelled in 1290, as a result of religious intolerance were invited back to Britain
what was done in order for the disputes between Parliament and the army over unpaid wages to be solved?
two representatives from each regiment were elected and met at Newmarket to discuss the issues
what were the main topics of debate at the Putney Debates?
what to do with the captured king and who should be able to vote- property owners or every man
where were talks held regarding the Putney Debates?
in Putney in October and November 1647
what were the men at the Putney Debates heavily influenced by?
the ideas of the Levellers- whose programme included abolition of church titles, the ending of monopolies and excise duties, free speech, the right of women to take part in politics, annual parliaments and implementation of the rule of law- no one should be above justice
what was the end of the Putney Debates?
Cromwell imposed a rule that only property owners could vote
who set up The Diggers?
Gerrard Winstanley
what did the Diggers believe?
property was theft and equality could be achieved by communities digging and planting crops together
when and where did the Diggers begin to plant vegetables on common land?
spring 1649 near Weybridge in Surrey
what did the Diggers want?
they wanted the abolition of private property and that all should live by their own work on the land
what was the Commonwealth the name for?
the republic under the leadership of Parliament after Charles’ death
who was the leader of the Commonwealth?
Oliver Cromwell
why did many people support Cromwell?
he won wars against the Dutch and the Spanish and restored England’s reputation
he also introduced the Navigation Act in 1651- stated that any ship coming into or leaving England had to be English
why did some people not like Cromwell?
he appointed Major Generals to the 11 districts he created- people resented their presence because they kept such strict control on many aspects of life- they tried to stop Christmas celebrations
why did the Levellers not like Cromwell?
the Levellers believed in equality- they were imprisoned and their leaders were killed
what did Cromwell do in Ireland?
he laid siege to the town of Drogheda- even when the people surrendered, he killed them (including women and children)
land was taken from Catholics in Ireland and given to Protestants- England would always have allies in Ireland
what was a positive of Cromwell’s rule?
he ended up with more power than Charles and secured his son as his successor
what had happened after the Civil War in terms of radical groups?
the Civil War saw the development of many Protestant groups- which would challenge Cromwell’s authority
what happened with Cromwell and the Levellers?
Cromwell met with them and their leader- John Lilburne during the Putney Debates in 1647 where their demands were heard
support for them soon decreased and Lilburne was imprisoned- Cromwell was able to rule for 10 years
when did Cromwell die?
in 1658
when did Richard (Charles’ son) resign?
1659
who was crowned King of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1660?
Charles 2nd
what happened to Cromwell’s body?
it was dug up from its grave and hung in Tyburn- his head was placed on a spike where it stayed for decades
most people were happy to have a king back on the throne
what was Britain like during the seventeeth century?
one of the most powerful countries
what did Britain use their power to do?
they took over other parts of the world- including large parts of North America
what had happened by the mid 1700’s?
the American people no longer wanted to be part of the British Empire
what did the American people think about being under Britain’s rule?
they considered themselves American- in the late 1700’s they fought a wat against the British
what happened in the late 16th and early 17th century with the European settlers?
they began to occupy land in North America- land owned by Native/ Indigenous Americans
what did the British do to the French?
they defeated the French and used their colonies there to make money- growing crops like cotton, tobacco and sugar to sell all over the world- often relying on indentured servants and later slaves
by the early 17th century what were the British colonies like?
there were 13 separate English colonies in North America and by 1775 the population of settlers and enslaved people was around 2.5 million
why did Britain want an empire?
they could tax the people who lived in the colonies and ensure that they brought British goods
why did the American colonists start to resent Britain?
they did not want to give economic support
what year was the Stamp Tax?
1765
why did the British feel it was acceptable to tax the Americans to pay for the army?
as the army protected the colonists from other foreign powers
what was Stamp Tax?
a tax on documents such as legal papers and newspapers
what were the Navigation Acts?
ensured that only British goods were imported into America- there was no trading allowed with other countries
why did the colonists feel bossed around by the British?
because they were given boundaries on the land that they could not cross- the British had made these agreement with the indigenous Americans without consulting the colonists
these boundaries stopped them accessing good farmland- the colonists wanted to have more of a say
why did the American colonists feel as if there was no one to speak up for them?
because they had no representatives in Parliament in London
when was the Boston Massacre?
1770
what was the Boston Massacre triggered by?
when some anti-British colonists jeered and threw snowballs and sticks at the British army on 5th March, the army opened fire and killed some of them
what was the Boston Tea Party?
some of the colonists were unhappy with the heavily taxed British tea they were forced to buy- they boarded a ship and poured the tea out into the harbour
what did the Boston Tea Party do to the British?
they closed the port of Boston in retalliation
what were minutemen?
local farmers, clerks and ploughboys who had had enough of British rule
where did the Americans’ meet to discuss what to do?
in Congress
what did the Declaration of Independance state?
the 13 colonies were free and all control from Britain had ended
what had happened by 1775?
anti-British feeling was so strong that when the British army tried to seize a supply of gunpowder in Concord, they were fired on by 20,000 minutemen
what had happened by 1775?
they had made George Washington the leader of their army
how much fighting was there before the colonists were victorious and America was independent?
7 years
when was the Declaration of Independence issued?
1776
where was the decisive battle?
at Yorktown in 1781
who won most of the battles of the American War of Independence?
the British as they had a world-class army that was well-trained and well-supplied
how many more troops did the American troops have?
3000 extra men
who was the British commander?
Charles Cornwallis
who did the Americans have support from?
the French- the French had also secured control of the waters around Yorktown- this was important as the British needed to get their supplies in from the sea
how did the British commander unwillingly help the Americans?
he moved his troops onto a peninsula as they awaited supplies- the British were not cut off and in a weak position
what did the Battle of Independence allow?
saw the immediate defeat of the British and the end of the War of Independence- America was now an independent country and proclaimed itself the “land of the free”
what did the people of America who were not happy with the outcome do?
they moved north to Canada- which was still under the control of Britain
what did the Americans set up?
their own system of government with a written set of rules (a constitution), a parliament (congress) and a president
who did the “land of the free” not apply to?
poor farmers, who could not afford to buy their land- they could not vote
African-Americans, indigenous Americans or women
what were the consequences of the American Revolution for Britain?
they had spent a lot of money on the war and lost lots of men
the involvement of France on America’s side worsened relations between Britain and France
Britain used the strength of its navy to make up for the loss of America
Britain now turned Australia and New Zealand into a penal colony and a place to send convicts to
what were the consequences of the American Revolution for the rest of the world?
the success of America against British rule inspired the French revolution
who were the French people fed up of?
their king Louis XVI
