The Immune System Part 3

Question 1

Herd Immunity is:

Answer 1

a type of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of the population provides protection to the unprotected individuals of that population
- protection is provided to all individuals in the population due to the inability of the pathogen to spread

Question 2

What are the four strategies of vaccines for artificial?

Answer 2

Attenuated organisms
killed/subunit organisms
small fragements
toxins

Question 3

Attenuation is:

Answer 3

process by which virulence is reduced so that although the organism is still active; it is no longer causing disease - live with an ability to replicate in host cells
- a LIVE vaccine **

Question 4

True or false: in a attenuated vaccine the virus must be dead to replicate properly

Answer 4

FALSE! the virus must stay alive to be able to replicate the vaccine cells

Question 5

What is critical in regards to storage of an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 5

temperature can reduce or increase replication of virus therefore leading to a pathogen causing disease
- polio vaccine must be monitored to ensure it wasnt exposed to high temperatures.

Question 6

In regards to maternal antibodies, when should a baby receive their MMR?

Answer 6

12 months old - because this is when the maternal antibodies decrease
-when the baby is born, maternal antibodies are given to the lil bebe that will provide protection from live attenuated vaccines - so they will likely be killed = be sure that the maternal antibodies are gone

Question 7

Where is their a risk for back mutation?

Answer 7

in polio ! - chance t

Question 8

What are the risks in attenuated vaccines?

Answer 8

risk for immunocompromised people
the immune system must be under control when given
they can be hazardous because the modified micrboes ma retain enough residual virulence to cause disease
-pregnant women shouldn’t take this

Question 9

Examples of attenuated vaccines are”

Answer 9

MMR, polio, flu shot, varciella roster, rabies vaccines

Question 10

How was the rabbies vaccines acheived?

Answer 10

serial infections in rabbits led to a live virus strain that was more virulent in rabbits then it was in dogs.

Question 11

Process of attenuation

Answer 11

pathogenic virus is isolated in patient –> put in animal cell –> viruses acquire a mutation that allows it to grow in animal cell, then the virulent cell does not have the ability to grow in a human cell :)

Question 12

Killed and subcellular vaccines are:

Answer 12

virons inactivated by chemical procedure; the infectivity and viral ability to replicate are eliminated but antigenicity is not compromised - killed for the use in vaccines and its important antigen remain similar to that of the living organism as possible

Question 13

Killed vaccine are antigenically weak, what does this mean?

Answer 13

its administered at high doses or incooperated with materials called adjuvants (help increase the vaccine)

Question 14

What is a positive about killed vaccines?

Answer 14

there is no chance it can replicate, revert, mutate or retain an residual virulence = safer

Question 15

what is a negative about killed vaccines?

Answer 15

you have to administer a shit ton of boosters to keep the immunity up

Question 16

Examples of killed vaccines?

Answer 16

polio, influenza, hep a, modern day rabies

Question 17

What are two toxoids?

Answer 17

1) Diphtheria: toxin is encoded by bacteriophage

2) Tetanus

Question 18

What is a toxoid??

Answer 18

a inactivated toxin

Question 19

What is the process of bacterial exotoxins?

Answer 19

modification of a toxin to a toxoid - by chemical modification

Question 20

Small fragements: happens when some cells in the body pick it up and acquire immunity to it: true or false?

Answer 20

true betches

Question 21

Give 2 examples of a fragment vaccine

Answer 21

Hep B: 1st generation extracted from blood plasma (hboAG) from hepb patients, now its cloned by yeast
HPV: protects from cervical cancer; vaccines has legnthened the average life expectancy

Question 22

Passive Immunity: Natural VS Artificial

Answer 22

Natural: placental tranfer of IgG, and breast feading (Transfer of IgA, mucosal)
Artificial: antibodies from other individuals and from immune animals

Question 23

What are the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunization?

Answer 23

Adv: immediate protection
DIS: no long term protection, risk of infection with unknown pathogens, serum sickness

Question 24

What is the product and use of Diphtheria

Answer 24

P: specific Ig from horse
U: tx of diphtheria

Question 25

what is the product and use of botulism?

Answer 25

P: specific ig from horse
U: tx of wound and blood born forms of botulism / infant botulism treated with the botulism immune globulins (baby big)

Question 26

what is the product and use of tetanus?

Answer 26

P: ig from human
U: tx of tetatnus

Question 27

what is the product and use of rabies?

Answer 27

P: rabies iG
U: post exposure, locally -

Question 28

what is the product and use of vaccina?

Answer 28

P: vaccina iG from horse
U: tx of progressive vaccina infection, usually resulting from smallpox vaccination in immunocompromised patients.

Question 29

what is the product and use of varicella?

Answer 29

P: varicella zoster Ig
U: post exposure in high risk individuals

Question 30

what is the product and use of cystomegalovirus?

Answer 30

P: hyper immune human Ig
U: prevention; used most often with organ transplantation

Question 31

what is the product and use of hep A

Answer 31

P: pooled human IG
U: prevention of hep a

Question 32

what is the product and use of hep B

Answer 32

P: Hep B ig
U: prevention in high risk infants - admin with hep b vaccine; protects from risks of sexual avtivity

Question 33

what is the product and use of snake and other toxic bites?

Answer 33

P: specific ig from horse; from milking snakes- inactivates the toxicity (toxoid), and injects into the horse, to modify the venom
U: tx

Question 34

what is the product and use of hypo-gamma globuliniemia

Answer 34

P: pooled human ig
U: prevention of man diseases in patients with an immune disorder characterized by reduction of all immune globulins

Question 35

How do you prevent maternal transfer of Hep b?

Answer 35

H-big: heb b immune globulin- passivley delivered = instant protection + vaccine
+ 1-2 months= vaccine
++ 6 months = vaccine

Question 36

Define Risk for Back Mutation

Answer 36

when the people vaccinated with attentuated vacines can spread disease to people who arent vaccine = bad