Human Virology part one..

Question 1

What is a viruses only goal?

Answer 1

To reproduce

Question 2

What are the two phases of a virus?

Answer 2

phase one: outside of the cell (virus particle- virion)

phase two: virus inside the infected cell

Question 3

true or false: viruses are alive, independent metabolic cellular organisms

Answer 3

false bitches; viruses are not alive- they are intracellular parasites

Question 4

Where can a virus replicate?

a) outside the cell
b) inside the host cell
c) inside the virus cell
d) in mucous membranes

Answer 4

B) INSIDE THE HOST CELL

-viruses cannot replicate unless they are inside the hosts cell, they can not preform metabolic functions on their own outside the cell (only inside)

Question 5

What are virus particles made up of?

Answer 5

nucleic acids and proteins that aren’t considered life cuz they dont use any metabolism that distinguishes them from any other chemical

Question 6

Describe survival of the fittest?

Answer 6

Viruses are simple- they depend on survival of the fittest- the virus that survives is not the strongest, fastest, more pathogenic- its the one thats more adapatible to change
-failure to adapt to host = disease

Question 7

Differ between cellular organisms and viruses

Answer 7

Viruses:
Metabolic Capabilities: no, none- uses the hosts ATP and other other compounds
Independent Translation: NO cant make rna/tRNA
Hereditary Material: single/double stranded RNA/DNA
Reproduction: assembly of preformed components
Size: nano meter

Cells:
Metabolic Capabilities: yes- constant/extensive synthesis of ATp, vitamins, lips, acids ect.
Independent translation: YES
Heridetary material: double stranded dna expressed into m/r/t RNA
Reproduction: Cell division
Size: Micro

Question 8

What are the 3 aspects of diversity in viruses?

Answer 8

1. Different methods of replication
2. Different structure and size
3. Different host range and specificity.

Question 9

What is Virus Particle Made up of?

Answer 9

1. Capsid - protien coat, providing protection and managing entry and exit from/in cell.
2. Viral Genome- nucleic acid genome with rna or dna

Question 10

What can the virus particle be covered or not covered in?

Answer 10

A lipid envelope - which is used to help the virus get into cell - by penetration and fusion with plasma membrane
the envelope fuses with the cell to get in, by leaving the envelope behind but the virus itself entering.

Question 11

What are some properties of a viral genome? What does it have to have to be able to function??

Answer 11

it MUST make mRNA that is able to be read (translated) by the hosts ribosomes

could be rna or dna
segmented or non segmented
linear or circular
single or double

Question 12

+ssRNA:

Answer 12

…… in positive sense RNA the genome contains the same sequence as mRNA required to produce viral products - so it can be read by the host……

Question 13

-ssRNA:

Answer 13

……. in negative senese RNA the base sequence in the genome is complementary to those in viral mRNA- so it cant be read = so it needs to make two types of +ssRNA (short + long) in order to get the viral particle and virion.

Question 14

what is SARS (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 14

NS +

Question 15

what is LASSA FEVER (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 15

S ; AMBI (POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE)

Question 16

what is POLIO (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 16

NS +

Question 17

what is Measels/MUMPS (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 17

NS -

Question 18

what is RABIES (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 18

NS -

Question 19

what is ROTA VIRUS (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 19

S DS

Question 20

what is INFLUENZA (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 20

S -

Question 21

what is HONTAVIRUS (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 21

S -

Question 22

what is EBOLA (+/-) (S/NS/ambi) (DS) ??

Answer 22

NS -

Question 23

Describe the importance of host range

Answer 23

host range of a virus contributes to the diversity of the virus - it can either be narrow (only humans) or wide (insects/animals/humans - WNV)

Question 24

What is a zoonotic virus?

Answer 24

it is a virus that purses its biological cycle chiefly in animals.
-humans are usually 2ndary or accidental hosts
these viruses are limited to different areas and enviroments that have the ability to support their non human natural cycles of infections (insects and shit)

Question 25

what are some factors that would affect host range?

Answer 25

cell surface receptor and viral attachment proteins (the lock and the key)
availability of replication machinery
ability to get out of the cell and spread
host anti viral response - has to learn how to escape the immune system or they will be killed.

Question 26

How do we control a viral disease?

Answer 26

prevention: vaccinations
treatment?
we need to know about it - what are the hosts, the mechanisms or transmission, the methods to inactivate it

Question 27

what is viral replication?

Answer 27

when a virus enters the cel and infects it - then makes new protiens, particles and more viruses

Question 28

Lysogenic Replication is:

Answer 28

viral genes are incorporated into the hosts chromosomes and then are transmitted to the hosts daughter cell

Question 29

steps in lysogenic replication:

Answer 29

1. viral genome enters the cell
2. viral genome integrates into host- cell genome
3. host cell dna polymerase copies chromosome
4. cell divides- virus in daughter cells

Question 30

Lytic Replication is:

Answer 30

viral particles are made and released from the cell- resulting in an ew generation of virus particles and death of host cell

Question 31

Steps in lytic replication

Answer 31

1. entry into host cell
2. replication of viral genome
3. production of viral proteins
4. assembly of new general or virus particles
5. exit infected cell.