Immune System Part 2 Flashcards
What is specific/Adaptive immunity?
the response to a specific molecule/organism
-immunologic memory
does specific immunity distinguish between self and non self? true or false?
true! does not attack host cells
compare and contract Cellular and Humoral cells
Cellular ( T cells): begin in the bone marrow but travel to mature in the thymus. Regulates adaptive response or attacks INTRACELLULAR pathogens. Mounts cell mediated immunity
Humoral (B cells): arise and mature in the red bone marrow. Main defense of humoral immunity. The activated B cells secrete soluble proteins called antibodies that act against EXTRACELLULAR pathogens
Humoral Adaptive Immunity contains two protiens which are…
antigens and antibodies
Define an antigen
Substances (specific organisms/molecules) that induce a specific immune response and subsequently react with the products of the specifc/adaptive immune response
Define antibody
proteins/molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen - BINDS to it-
What are the 2 basic functions of antibodies?
recognize and bind to a certain antigen
counter the affects of the antigen thorough binding
what are the names of the 5 functions of antibodies.
NAPAO
not all people allow orgasms
Neutralization Aggluigation Precipitation Activation of complement proteins Oponization
Define neutrilization
antibodies neutralizes toxin by binding to attatchment molecules
- binds and blocks pathogens ability to bind to host and causing damage
- attracts macrophages = phagocytosis
Define Aggluigation
Creates complex of cells
antibodies have 2 connects, which allows it to grab a pathogen, creating a clump that can be picked up by macrophages
Define percipitation
create a complex of molecules of free protiens
Define activation of complement protiens
occurs on antibody; bound to pathogens = cell lysis
Define oponization
antibody binds to pathogens surface molecules and links the phagocytosis cells to it;
-it acts as osposins (which trigger phagocytosis)
-the antibody helps it get phagotized faster then it would with just an antigen because of the FC
FC portion on the antibody sticks out and it is recognizable by the macro’s and neuts ; they then destroy it because they have FC receptors.
the problem of antigen and antibody ratio is:
10^12 of possible antigens
each lymphocyte has one specific antibody;
in oder to mount an effective immune response, you must have a number of specific antibodies
Describe the process of clonal selection
the immune system has an extremly low frequency of cells specific for each trillion of specificities (5/10 per cell) so with clonal selection, when a cell a cell encounters its specifc antigen it becomes activated and replicates extensible turning the 5/10 into 10^6 of pyrogen in only a few days
Discuss clonal selection in regards to primary and secondary immune responses
Primary: low waves of antibodies
Secondary: post interval from secondary response you get a huge wave of antibodies that are stronger/faster at fighting against pathogens
Secondary is a combination of clonal selection and immunologic memory
Immunologic memory is..
the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectivley to pathogens that have been encountered previously
-there is a small % of b cells that dont secrete antibodies but survive as memory B cells in lymphoid tissue and are ready to iniate antibody production if the antigen is encountered again
What are the cellular events in primary response to an antigen?
antigen effects naive b cell –> naive cell replicates several times until they form plasma cells –> plasma cells secrete IgM antibodies but later they secrete IgG because its more effective
What are the cellular events in secondary response to an antigen?
antigen activates memory cells –> hey already know how to make IgG –> secrete IgG; memory cells work fast to make the antibodies available.
The major antibody present in secondary responses is IgM: true or false
FALSE!
IgM = primary
IgG =secondary
passive immunization is considered an antigen or an antibody?
Antibody!
- provides quick immunity without activating the immune system
What is a vaccine?
a harmless agent, perceived as enemies
trigger active immunity, stimulating the body itself; provides a protective immunity against the pathogen
Describe what edward jenner did
in 1796, edward jenner discovered that the virus cow pox helped eradicate small pox
-exposed his son with cowpox virus and attempted to infect the boy with smallpox, it didn’t work because he was immunized by cow pox
Differentiate between artificial and natural vaccinations
Natural: exposure to subclinical infections
Artificial: attenuated organisms; still have the ability to replicate
