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Neuroscience > The Hypothalamus and Autonomic Control > Flashcards

The Hypothalamus and Autonomic Control Flashcards

1
Q

Is the hypothalamus in the telencephalon or the diencephalon?

A

Diencephalon

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2
Q

Which ventricle does the hypothalamus surround?

A

Third ventricle

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3
Q

How many major nuclei are in the hypothalamus?

A

11

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4
Q

What is the major function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulate homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the 2 sections of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Anterior/adenohypophysis

- Posterior/neurohypophysis

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6
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What are parvocellular neurons?

A

Small diameter neurons in the hypothalamus which project into the pituitary stalk, communicate with the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

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9
Q

What are troph cells?

A

Hormone releasing cells in the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

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10
Q

How are hormones released from the adenohypophysis?

A
  • Parvocellular neurons in the hypothalamus release releasing hormones into the circulation which enter the anterior pituitary capillaries through a portal vein
  • Neurohormones activate receptors on troph cells
  • Troph cells release their own hormones into the general circulation
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11
Q

What are magnocellular neurons?

A

Large diameter neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus whose axons project into the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis

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12
Q

Which nuclei in the hypothalamus contain magnocellular neurons? (2)

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus

- Supraoptic nucleus

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13
Q

How are hormones released from the neurohypophysis?

A

Magnocellular neuron axons project into the neurohypophysis and release hormones directly into the systemic circulation

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14
Q

Which hormones are released from the adenohypophysis?

A

Tropic hormones (e.g. growth hormone, gonadotropic hormones)

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15
Q

Which hormones are released from the neurohypophysis? (2)

A
  • ADH/vasopressin

- Oxytocin

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16
Q

Which effectors does the ANS innervate? (3)

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Glands
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17
Q

What are the 2 sections of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

18
Q

What are visceral nerves?

A
  • Nerves innervating internal organs

- Includes cranial nerves

19
Q

How is sensory information passed to the brain?

A

Via visceral afferents

20
Q

What are the 2 types of neurons in the ANS?

A
  • Preganglionic

- Postganglionic

21
Q

Where are preganglionic neurons found?

A

In the CNS

22
Q

Where are postganglionic neurons found?

A

In ganglia in the periphery

23
Q

What kind of neuron are preganglionic neurons?

A

All cholinergic

24
Q

Which receptors do preganglionic neurons target on the postganglionic neurons?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptors

25
Q

Which region of the spinal cord contains the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Between T1 and L3

26
Q

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Around the outside

27
Q

Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

In the middle

28
Q

What is the intermediolateral cell column?

A

Region in the lateral horn of the spinal chord containing the preganglionic sympathetic neurons, running from T1 to L3

29
Q

Where in the spinal cord are the preganglionic sympathetic neurons found?

A

Intermediolateral cell column

30
Q

What is the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

Chain of ganglia joined together containing sympathetic preganglionic axons and postganglionic neurons which runs alongside the spinal cord

31
Q

What is the prevertebral ganglion?

A

Ganglia separate from the sympathetic chain ganglia where preganglionic sympathetic fibres synapse onto postganglionic fibres

32
Q

What kind of neurons are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons which come from the prevertebral ganglia?

A

Noradrenergic

33
Q

What controls sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Ventrolateral medulla

34
Q

Which 2 areas of the body do preganglionic parasympathetic neurons come from?

A

Cranial and sacral

35
Q

How do preganglionic sympathetic neurons differ from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are short but preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are long and reach closer to their effectors

36
Q

What kind of neuron are postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

Cholinergic

37
Q

Which receptors do postganglionic parasympathetic neurons target on their effector organs?

A

Muscarinic ACh receptors

38
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve control?

A

Pupil constriction/dilation

39
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor nerve

40
Q

How much parasympathetic outflow is carried by the vagus nerve?

A

80%

41
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus nerve

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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