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Neuroscience > Sleep and circadian rhythms > Flashcards

Sleep and circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid Eye Movement

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2
Q

What does electromyography (EMG) record?

A

Electrical activity of the muscles

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3
Q

What does electro-oculography (EOG) record?

A

Electrical activity of the eye muscles

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4
Q

What does electroencephalography (EEG) record?

A
  • Electrical activity from large populations of neurons in the brain
  • Ionic movement creates an electric field which is picked up by electrodes
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5
Q

What are advantages of electroencephalography? (4)

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Easy to administer
  • Data easily gathered
  • High temporal resolution (time)
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6
Q

What are disadvantages of electroencephalography (EEG)? (2)

A
  • Low spatial resolution

- The further you are from the electric source the less detectable it is so only cortical activity is detectable

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7
Q

What are the main types of brain waves? (4)

A
  • Beta
  • Alpha
  • Theta
  • Delta
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8
Q

What are the 2 main stages of sleep?

A
  • REM

- Non-REM

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9
Q

What are the features of non-REM sleep? (5)

A
  • Decrease in neuronal firing
  • Decrease in metabolic rate and brain temperature
  • Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure due to less sympathetic nervous system outflow
  • Increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity
  • Muscle tone and reflexes intact
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10
Q

How many stages are there in non-REM sleep?

A

4

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11
Q

What is stage 1 of non-REM sleep?

A

Drowsiness

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12
Q

What happens during stage 1 of non-REM sleep? (3)

A
  • Eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows
  • Can experience sudden muscle contractions in response to a falling sensation
  • EEG shows mostly theta waves
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13
Q

What is stage 2 of non-REM sleep?

A

Light sleep

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14
Q

What happens during stage 2 of non-REM sleep? (5)

A
  • Eye movement stops
  • Brain waves become slower with occasion bursts
  • Body temperature drops
  • Heart rate slows
  • EEG shows K-complexes and sleep spindles
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15
Q

What is a sleep spindle?

A

Burst of high frequency activity in the brain on EEG

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16
Q

What is a K complex?

A

Low frequency large increases/decreases in brain activity on EEG

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17
Q

What is stage 3 of non-REM sleep?

A
  • Deep sleep

- Transition between non-REM and REM sleep

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18
Q

What happens during stage 3 of non-REM sleep? (2)

A
  • Very slow delta waves interspersed with smaller, faster waves
  • Sleep walking, night terrors, sleep talking, bedwetting (parasomnia)
19
Q

What is parasomnia?

A

Disruptive sleep behaviours such as sleep walking etc.

20
Q

What is stage 4 of non-REM sleep?

A

Very deep sleep

21
Q

What happens during stage 4 of non-REM sleep? (1)

A

Mostly delta brain waves

22
Q

What happens if you wake someone up during stage 4 of non-REM sleep?

A

Disorientation for several minutes

23
Q

What happens during stage 5 of sleep (REM)? (4)

A
  • Eyes move rapidly from side to side
  • EEG mimics activity when awake
  • Activity of the motor cortex is blocked causing paralysis below neck
  • The phase where we dream vividly
24
Q

What is stage 5 of sleep?

A

REM

25
Q

What are the features of REM sleep? (3)

A
  • Increase in brain temperature and metabolic rate
  • All skeletal muscles are paralysed
  • Muscles controlling eye movement, middle ear ossicles and diaphragm remain active
26
Q

What is the normal sleeping pattern of humans?

A
  • Non-REM and REM alternate cyclically
  • Non-REM section is non-linear
  • One sleep cycle is from stage 1 of non-REM to end of REM
27
Q

How long do we stay in non-REM before moving to first REM of the night?

A

70-80 minutes

28
Q

How long do we spend in the first REM of the night?

A

8-10 minutes

29
Q

How long is one sleep cycle (from stage 1 of non-REM to end of REM)?

A

90-110 minutes

30
Q

How many sleep cycles do we go through per night?

A

4/5

31
Q

How does the sleeping pattern change through the night?

A
  • Decrease in duration of stages 3 and 4 of non-REM

- Increase in duration of REM

32
Q

Which stage of sleep do young people spend the most time in?

A

Stage 2

33
Q

What regulates sleep? (3)

A
  • Diffuse modulatory neurotransmission system controls rhythmic behaviour in the thalamus
  • Noradrenergic and 5-HT neurons in the brainstem
  • Inhibition of motor neurons
34
Q

What is a diffuse modulatory neurotransmission system?

A

Sparsely distributed neurons reduce the activity of surrounding neurons during sleep

35
Q

What does a lesion in the brain stem cause?

A

Sleep/coma

36
Q

What does stimulation of the brain stem cause?

A

Awakening

37
Q

What happens in the brain during non-REM sleep?

A
  • Decreased firing in the brain stem

- Increased firing in the thalamus (sleep spindles and delta rhythms)

38
Q

What happens in the brain during REM sleep? (3)

A

Similar to awake brain but:

  • No activity in the frontal lobe
  • No activity in raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus
  • Inhibition of motor neurons
39
Q

What is the locus coeruleus?

A

Location of noradrenaline production in the brain

40
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Periodic patterns of behaviour when changing between sleeping and wakefulness within 24 hours

41
Q

What happens to circadian rhythms when you remove environmental cues?

A
  • Rhythm persists but shifts slightly

- Can adapt to external cues

42
Q

Which area of the brain determines circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus

43
Q

What does a lesion in the suprachiasmatic nucleus cause?

A

Decrease in circadian rhythm of sleep timing

44
Q

How does the visual system influence circadian rhythms?

A
  • Ganglion cells in the retina respond to light (different to photoreceptors)
  • Send information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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