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Neuroscience > Nervous system structure through development > Flashcards

Nervous system structure through development Flashcards

1
Q

What is derived from the ectoderm?

A

Skin and nervous system

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2
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

Part of the ectoderm which becomes the nervous system

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3
Q

What happens in neurulation?

A
  • Neural plate folds to form neural groove and folds

- Further folding results in formation of neural tube and neural crest

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4
Q

Which sections of the nervous system form from the neural tube? (2)

A
  • CNS

- Ventricular system

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5
Q

Which sections of the nervous system form from the neural crest? (1)

A

PNS

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6
Q

What is the CNS and ventricular system derived from?

A

Neural groove

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7
Q

What is the PNS derived from?

A

Neural crest

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8
Q

What are somatic motor neurons?

A

Neurons that innervate muscles (muscle comes from the somites)

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9
Q

How does closing of the neural tube happen?

A

Starts centrally and zips up and down from the middle

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10
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Failure to close the neural tube at the top

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11
Q

What are the consequences of anencephaly?

A

Fatal

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12
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Failure to close the neural tube at the bottom

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13
Q

Why are pregnant women advised to take folic acid in early pregnancy?

A

Reduces the chance of neural tube defects by 90%

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14
Q

How does folic acid prevent neural tube defects?

A

Influences DNA synthesis

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15
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles which differentiate?

A
  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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16
Q

What are the 3 secondary brain vesicles of the forebrain?

A
  • Telencephalic vesicles
  • Diencephalon
  • Optic vesicles
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17
Q

What do the telencephalic vesicles become?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

What do the optic vesicles become?

A

Optic stalk and optic cup

19
Q

What does the optic cup become?

A

Retina

20
Q

What does the optic stalk become?

A

Optic nerve

21
Q

What are the key stages in development of the nervous system? (2)

A
  • Neurulation

- Differentiation

22
Q

What happens during forebrain differentiation?

A
  • Olfactory bulbs develop at the front of the cerebral cortex
  • Ventricles start to develop
  • Grey matter and white matter differentiate
23
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

24
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated axons

25
Q

What does the basal telencephalon contain?

A

Basal nuclei

26
Q

What develops from the diencephalon? (2)

A
  • Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

27
Q

What are the types of white matter tracks in the forebrain? (2)

A
  • Corpus callosum

- Internal capsule

28
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter track which carries information from one side of the brain to the other

29
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Carries information between the cerebral cortex and the thalamus/midbrain/pons/medulla etc.

30
Q

What are the sections of the midbrain? (3)

A
  • Tectum (dorsal)
  • Tegmentum (ventral)
  • Cerebral aqueduct
31
Q

What is the midbrain involved in? (4)

A
  • Visual processing
  • Auditory processing
  • Voluntary movement
  • Pain control
32
Q

What structures make up the hindbrain? (3)

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
33
Q

What do the rhombic lips become?

A

Cerebellum

34
Q

What happens in hindbrain differentiation? (4)

A
  • Rhombic lips form cerebellum
  • Fourth ventricle forms
  • Pons forms
  • Medulla and medullary pyramids form
35
Q

What are medullary pyramids?

A

White matter structures

36
Q

What are the main outer structures of the cerebellum? (3)

A
  • Two hemispheres
  • Vermis
  • Folia
37
Q

What are folia?

A

Folds which increase the surface area of the cerebellum to allow it to have more neurons

38
Q

What are the main inner structures of the cerebellum (3)

A
  • Cerebellar cortex
  • White matter
  • Deep cerebellar nuclei (grey matter)
39
Q

What are the pontine nuclei?

A

Nuclei in the pons involved in motor control

40
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of movement, balance and posture

41
Q

How is information processed in the cerebellum?

A
  • Information from cerebral cortex feeds into pontine nuclei via internal capsule
  • Pontine nuclei project into cerebellar cortex
  • Purkinje cells integrate information and send back out via deep cerebellar nuclei
42
Q

What proportion of CNS neurons are in the cerebellum?

A

50%

43
Q

What proportion of CNS volume is the cerebellum?

A

10%

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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