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Neuroscience > The chemical senses > Flashcards

The chemical senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gustatory system?

A

Taste

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2
Q

What is the olfactory system?

A

Smell

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3
Q

What are the chemical senses?

A

Olfactory and gustatory system

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4
Q

What are the functions of the chemical senses? (3)

A
  • Identify food sources
  • Avoid noxious substances
  • Find a mate/mark territories (pheromones)
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5
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes?

A
  • Salty
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Umami (savoury)
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6
Q

Why do we crave salt?

A

Required for many physiological processes e.g. neurotransmission

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7
Q

What is our natural preference to sour tastes and why?

A
  • Avoid

- High acidity (H+) could cause damage to GI tract

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8
Q

Why do we crave sugars?

A

Required for energy and growth

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9
Q

Which is the first flavour we learn to enjoy?

A

Sweet

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10
Q

What is our preference to bitter tastes and why?

A
  • Avoid

- Toxic substances and poisons are often bitter

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11
Q

What is the umami taste related to?

A
  • Amino acids, specifically glutamate

- MSG added to foods (monosodium glutamate)

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12
Q

Why do we crave umami tastes?

A

Amino acids needed for protein synthesis, neurotransmission etc.

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13
Q

What is the chemical in chilli which makes it taste spicy?

A

Capsaicin

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14
Q

How is capsaicin detected?

A
  • Receptors for capsaicin on the tongue

- Same receptors which detect heat on the skin

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15
Q

What are the taste organs? (5)

A
  • Tongue
  • Cheeks
  • Soft palate
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
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16
Q

What is the name of the structures on the tongue which contain taste buds?

A

Lingual papillae

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17
Q

What do the taste buds contain?

A

Taste cells

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of lingual papillae?

A
  • Filiform
  • Foliate
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvallate
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19
Q

Where are the filiform papillae located?

A

Middle of the tongue

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20
Q

What is the function of the filiform papillae?

A

Detect texture (no taste buds)

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21
Q

Where are the circumvallate papillae located?

A

Back of the tongue

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22
Q

Where on the tongue is the majority of taste detected?

A
  • At the back by the circumvallate papillae

- Contains the most taste buds

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23
Q

Where are the foliate papillae located?

A

Round the sides of the tongue

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24
Q

Where are the fungiform papillae located?

A

Front of the tongue

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25
Q

Where are the taste buds on the fungiform papillae?

A

Top

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26
Q

What is the structure of a taste bud?

A
  • Contains taste cells
  • Microvilli at the apex of the taste cells pointing into the taste pore which is in contact with saliva and food, where the taste receptors are
  • Synapse to the gustatory afferent neurones at the base of the taste bud
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27
Q

How many taste buds are there?

A

2000-5000

28
Q

How many taste cells are there per taste bud?

A

100

29
Q

Which receptor detects salty flavours?

A

ENaC and an unknown mechanism

30
Q

What kind of receptor is ENaC?

A

Ionotropic

31
Q

Which receptor detects sour flavours?

A

OTOP1

32
Q

What kind of receptor is OTOP1?

A

Ionotropic

33
Q

What kind of receptor perceives salty tastes?

A

Ionotropic

34
Q

What kind of receptor perceives sour tastes?

A

Ionotropic

35
Q

What kind of receptor perceives bitter tastes?

A

Metabotropic

36
Q

What kind of receptor perceives sweet tastes?

A

Metabotropic

37
Q

What kind of receptor perceives umami tastes?

A

Metabotropic

38
Q

Which receptors detect bitter tastes?

A

T2Rs

39
Q

What kind of receptor is T2R?

A

Metabotropic

40
Q

What are the subunits in the receptors for sweet tastes? (2)

A
  • T1R2

- T1R3

41
Q

What are the subunits in the receptors for umami tastes? (2)

A
  • T1R1

- T1R3

42
Q

Which subunit do the receptors for sweet and umami have in common?

A

T1R3

43
Q

How many types of taste can each taste cell respond to?

A

One e.g. sweet taste cells only respond to sweet stimuli

44
Q

How many types of taste can each taste bud respond to?

A

Many i.e contains many taste cell types

45
Q

How do taste cells transmit information?

A
  • Chemical stimulus binds to receptor at apex of cell (transduction)
  • Causes depolarisation of taste cell
  • Causes influx of calcium
  • Neurotransmitter released across synapse to gustatory afferent neuron
46
Q

What are the major anatomical components of the olfactory system? (4)

A
  • Olfactory cavity
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Olfactory bulb
  • Olfactory cortex
47
Q

How are odorant stimuli sent to the brain?

A
  • Diffuse into the olfactory cavity and dissolve into a mucus layer on the olfactory epithelium
  • Signal transduction occurs on the cilia of the receptor cells
  • Graded potentials travel up the dendrite to the axon initial segment where the may trigger action potentials
  • Receptor cells send axons through the cribriform plate to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb and to secondary afferent neurones
48
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

Location of the olfactory receptor cells

49
Q

What kind of cells are olfactory receptor cells?

A

Neurones

50
Q

Which part of the nervous system is the olfactory bulb classed as?

A

CNS

51
Q

Which part of the nervous system is the olfactory epithelium classed as?

A

Peripheral

52
Q

What is the area of the human olfactory epithelium?

A

10 cm^2

53
Q

What is the area of the dog olfactory epithelium?

A

170 cm^2

54
Q

Are olfactory receptor axons myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Unmyelinated

55
Q

Which neurones are regularly replaced?

A

Olfactory receptors

56
Q

How many odorant receptor proteins do humans have?

A

350

57
Q

How many types of odorant receptor proteins are there per olfactory receptor cell?

A

One

58
Q

How many odorants can each odorant receptor protein bind to?

A

Multiple

59
Q

What allows us to distinguish specific odours?

A

Unique combinations of receptor activation by an odorant

60
Q

What kind of receptors are odorant receptor proteins?

A

G-protein coupled

61
Q

Which G protein are odorant receptor proteins coupled to?

A

Golf (olfactory G protein)

62
Q

What happens when an odorant receptor protein is stimulated?

A
  • Activates Golf
  • Activates adenylyl cyclase
  • Increases cAMP levels
  • cAMP binds to channels which open and allow influx of Na+ and Ca2+
  • Causes depolarisation
  • Ca2+ gated Cl- channels open and Cl- LEAVES cell causing further depolarisation
63
Q

What is the effect of a larger stimulus on action potentials?

A

Increased frequency (APs don’t change size)

64
Q

What happens at the glomerulus in the olfactory bulb?

A

Receptor cells expressing the same type of odorant receptor protein converge at the same glomerulus

65
Q

What is the olfactory cortex?

A

Area of the brain which perceives smell

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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