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Neuroscience > Emotion and motivation > Flashcards

Emotion and motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Nucleus in the hypothalamus which when stimulated makes us eat

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2
Q

What is the ventromedial nucleus?

A

Nucleus in the hypothalamus which when stimulated suppresses eating

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3
Q

Which neuropeptide transmitters cause eating behaviour?

A
  • Orexin

- MCH

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4
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus causes eating behaviour when stimulated?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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5
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus suppresses eating behaviour when stimulated? (2)

A
  • Ventromedial nucleus

- Paraventricular nucleus

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6
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone produced by fat tissue which then reduces body fat

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7
Q

What is released from the lateral hypothalamus to cause eating behaviour? (2)

A
  • Orexin

- MCH

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8
Q

Which neuropeptides are released by satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus? (3)

A
  • POMC
  • Alpha MSH
  • CART
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9
Q

Which neuropeptides are released by hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus? (2)

A
  • Neuropeptide Y

- AgRP

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10
Q

How does leptin affect eating?

A
  • Leptin excites satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus which inhibit the lateral hypothalamus causing less feeding
  • Leptin also inhibits the hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus as they excite the lateral hypothalamus
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11
Q

Which 4 nuclei in the hypothalamus are involved in eating behaviour?

A
  • Lateral hypothalamus
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Arcuate nucleus
  • Paraventricular nucleus
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12
Q

How is the arcuate nucleus connected to the lateral hypothalamus?

A
  • Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus excite the lateral hypothalamus causing feeding
  • Satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus inhibit the lateral hypothalamus which stops feeding
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13
Q

How is leptin connected to the arcuate nucleus?

A

The neurons in the arcuate nucleus have leptin receptors so respond to levels of leptin in the blood

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14
Q

How does the paraventricular nucleus affect eating behaviour?

A

Inhibits feeding when stimulated

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15
Q

How is the arcuate nucleus connected to the paraventricular nucleus?

A
  • Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus inhibit the paraventricular nucleus which causes feeding
  • Satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus excite the paraventricular nucleus which suppresses feeding
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16
Q

How does leptin increase metabolic rate?

A
  • Leptin stimulates satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus which activate the sympathetic nervous system, causing increased metabolic rate
  • Leptin inhibits hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus which would activate the parasympathetic nervous system and decrease metabolic rate (rest and digest)
17
Q

How does the paraventricular nucleus increase metabolic rate?

A
  • Activates the sympathetic nervous system to increase metabolic rate
  • Stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones TSH/ACTH which increase metabolic rate
18
Q

Which hormones are released from the pituitary gland to increase metabolic rate? (2)

A
  • TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

19
Q

How does blood glucose affect eating behaviour?

A
  • High blood glucose inhibits the lateral hypothalamus to stop eating
  • High blood glucose excites the ventromedial nucleus to stop eating
20
Q

What are the satiety centres of the hypothalamus? (3)

A
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Paraventricular nucleus
  • Satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus
21
Q

What are the hunger centres of the hypothalamus? (2)

A
  • Lateral hypothalamus

- Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus

22
Q

How does insulin affect eating behaviour?

A
  • Insulin excites the satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus which inhibits the lateral hypothalamus so you stop eating
  • Insulin inhibits the hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus so they can’t excite the lateral hypothalamus
23
Q

What hormone is released by cells in the stomach when it is empty?

A

Ghrelin

24
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Hormone released by stomach cells when it is empty

25
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

Induces hunger

26
Q

How does ghrelin induce hunger?

A

Activates the hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus

27
Q

Where is the solitary nucleus?

A

Brainstem

28
Q

How does the solitary nucleus affect eating behaviour?

A
  • When the stomach is full, stretch receptors send signals to the solitary nucleus via the vagus nerve
  • Solitary nucleus stimulation inhibits eating
29
Q

What is CCK?

A

Hormone released by the intestines in response to nutrients which aids digestion by slowing the emptying of the stomach

30
Q

How does CCK affect eating?

A
  • Detected by the ENS which sends signals to the solitary nucleus via the vagus nerve
  • Solitary nucleus stimulation inhibits eating
31
Q

Which receptors do neuropeptides target?

A

Metabotropic receptors

32
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

A

Fear

33
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

System involved in emotional and behavioural responses

34
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in aggression?

A
  • Amygdala

- Signals to hypothalamus

35
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for ‘affective’ (emotional) aggression?

A

Medial hypothalamus

36
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for predatory aggression?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

37
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway?

A
  • A dopaminergic reward pathway in the brain

- Involved in addiction

38
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Drives motivation

39
Q

What is the orbitofrontal cortex involved in?

A

‘Gut feelings’

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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