The Human Microbiome in Health and Disease

Question 1

Damage hosts

Answer 1

Pathogen

Question 2

Beneficial Functions of the GI Microbiota

Answer 2

1- Protective Functions-Pathogen exclusion

II. Structural Functions

III. Metabolic Functions- Synthesize: B3, B5, B6, B12, K, Biotin, Folate

Question 3

Microbiome

Answer 3

Beneficial microbes (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes?)

Question 4

Example of pathogen exclusion

Answer 4

C diff

Question 5

Example of Immune homeostasis

Answer 5

SFB, Clostridia -> Th17 and Treg stimulation

Loss of homeostasis can lead to hyperresponsiveness–> Crohn’s disease

Question 6

Loss of beneficial functions

Answer 6

Dysbiosis- Associated with multiple diseases

Question 7

Restoring the microbiome

Answer 7

Bioremediation

Question 8

Environmental factors affecting microbiome composition:

Answer 8

C-section vs Vaginal birth (more bifidobacteria, B. fragilis, and E. coli and less C. diff in vaginal birth)

Breast milk vs formula (more bifidobacteria, strep, staph, entercocci, lactobacilli, and enterobacteria with breastfeeding)

Question 9

Small and large bowel: dominated by obligate anaerobes of phyla ____________?

Answer 9

Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (plus minor presence of E. coli of Proteobacteria phylum)

Question 10

Our microbiome accounts for what ammount of calories

Answer 10

10 % from microbial fermentation

Question 11

Parasitism:

Answer 11

one benefits, one is harmed

Question 12

Mutualism

Answer 12

Both benefit

Question 13

Commensalism:

Answer 13

one benefits, one is unaffected

Question 14

Microbiome/Microbiota

Answer 14

community of microorganisms inhabiting a particular niche

Question 15

Phylogeny

Answer 15

evolutionary relationships between organisms