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The Human Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood flows conintuously in a network od totally inclosed blood vessels. The blood never leaves the blood vessels.

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2
Q

What is an example of a closed circulatory system?

A

The human circulatory system.`

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3
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Blood flows out of its vessels and surrounds tissue cells before flowing back into the heart via pores in the heart called ostria. There are no veins in an open circulatory system.

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4
Q

What are some examples of organisms with an open circulatory system?

A

Insects, spiders, beetles and worms.

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5
Q

What are some qualities of a closed circulatory system?

A
  • Oxygen is delivered to all tissues without blood having to leave blood vessels.
  • Allows for faster delivery of oxygen and nutrients and withdrawal of wastes. Allows for longer periods of activity.
  • Enables the body to control what areas of the body recieve blood.
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6
Q

What does the human circulatory system consist of?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
  • Heart
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7
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels that closed circulatory systems consist of?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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8
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart in powerful pulses. It has a thick wall, small lumen and no valves.

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9
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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10
Q

What is the one artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary artery. Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs (to recieve blood/become oxygenated).

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of an artery made of?

A

Collagen (connective tissue)

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12
Q

What are the inner layers of an artery made of?

A

Elastic tissue and involuntary muscle (smooth muscle).

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13
Q

What is the innermost layer of an artery called?

A

Endothelium

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14
Q

What is a vein?

A

A vein is a blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart in an even flow. It has a thin wall, large lumen and valves.

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15
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.

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16
Q

What is the one vein that carries oxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary vein. Carries oxygenated blood towards the heart from the lungs.

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17
Q

What is the role of the valves in veins?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood.

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18
Q

What is the outer layer of a vein made of?

A

Elastic and collagen fibres.

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19
Q

What are the inner layer of veins made of?

A

Elastic tissue and involuntary muscle (smooth muscle).

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20
Q

What is the innermost layer of veins called?

A

The endothelium.

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21
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

The pooling of blood in the veins, especially deep within the veins of the legs, usually due to a lack of movement. This results in unwanted clotting.

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22
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

When valves within the veins begin to fail, normally due to age, causing blood to pool on some veins.

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23
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A blood vessel with a wall one cell thick that carries blood from arterioles to venules through tissues, releasing nutrients and taking away wastes. It has a very thin wall, a tiny lumen ad no valves.

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24
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smaller blood vessels connecting arteries and capillaries.

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25
What are the two circuits that the human circulatory system consists of?
* Systemic circuit * Pulmonary circuit
26
What is the systemic circuit?
A network of blood vessels that supplies blood to all of the major organs and tissues of the body, except the lungs.
27
What is the pulmonary circuit?
A network of blood vessels that carries blood to the lungs.
28
Where do both circuits start and end?
The heart.
29
What is meant by the term 'double circulation'?
When blood passes through the heart twice in one full circuit of the body.
30
What are two sides of the heart separated by?
The septum.
31
What side of the heart is more rounded?
The front.
32
Why is the muscle on the left side of the heart much thicker than the right?
The left side is a stronger pump than the right. This is becasue it has to pump blood all around the body (systemic circuit).
33
What artery supplies blood to the heart?
The coronary artery.
34
What artery supplies blood to the liver?
The hepatic artery.
35
What arteries supply blood to the kidneys?
The renal arteries.
36
What arteries supply blood to the small and large intestines?
The mesenteric arteries.
37
What arteries supply blood to the head
The carotid arteries.
38
What arteries supply blood to the arms?
The subclavian arteries.
39
What arteries supply blood to the legs?
The iliac arteries.
40
What is the name of the major veins that carry blood back to the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cavae.
41
What vein drains the heart muscle of blood into the vena cavae?
The coronary vein.
42
What is the name of the veins that carry blood from the head?
The jugular veins.
43
What is a portal system?
A network of capillaries in one organ or tissue joined to another network of capillaries in another organ or tissue via a vein or veins.
44
Give an example of a portal system and explain it.
* The hepatic portal. * The capillaries of the small intestine absorb nutrients into the bloodstream and carry them to the liver via the hepatic portal vein, where it branches out into another network of capillaries in the liver. * The liver detoxifies any harmful substances in the nutrient-rich blood. It also stores useful nutrients the body may need. * Once the liver has filtered the incoming blood from the digestive system, it releases it to the body via the heaptic vein, which carries the blood back to the heart via the inferior vena cava.
45
Where is the heart located?
The thoracic cavity.
46
Where is the thoracic cavity?
Slightly to the left of the sternum (breast bone). It is protected by the sternum (breast bone) and rib cage.
47
What is the heart mostly composed of?
Cardiac muscle. This is a special type of muscle that is slow to tire.
48
How does blood flow through the heart?
Vena cavae ➡️ Right atrium ➡️ Right ventricle ➡️ Pulmonary artery ➡️ Lungs ➡️ Pulmonary veins ➡️ Left atrium ➡️ Left ventricle ➡️ Aorta ➡️ Body (except the lungs).
49
Where is the pacemaker located?
Top of the right atrium wall
50
What is the function of the pacemaker?
The pacemaker is nervous tissue that sends out electrical signals. The cardiac muscle contracts in response to the signals.
51
What is the name of the valve that separates the atria from the ventricle on the left side?
The bicuspid valve.
52
What is the name of the valve that separates the atria from the ventricle on the right side?
The tricuspid valve.
53
What are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves held in place by?
The chordae tendonae.
54
What is the name of the small muscle that attches the chordae tendonae to the ventricle walls?
The papillary muscle.
55
What are the four major arteries attched at the top of the heart?
* Vena cavae (inferior and superior) * Pulmonary artery * Pulmonary veins * Aorta
56
What are the largest veins in the body?
The vena cavae.
57
Where does the superior vena cava carry blood from?
The head
58
Where does the inferior vena cava carry blood from?
Lower half of the body.
59
What is the name of the valves found in the pulmonary artery and aorta at the point where it leaves the heart?
The semilunar valves.
60
What is the purpose of the septum?
To keep deoxygenated blood separate from oxygenated blood.
61
What are the names of the two pacemakers?
* The sinoatrial node (SA node) * The atrioventricular node (AV node)
62
Where is the SA node located?
Top wall of the right atrium.
63
Where is the AV node located?
Between the right atrium and ventricle.
64
What are the two stages of the heartbeat
* Atrial systole and ventricular diastle. * Ventricular systole and atrial diastole.
65
What does systole and diastole mean?
* Systole - contraction * Diastole - relaxation
66
Describe atrial systole and ventricular diastole.
* Atria recieve blood from the major veins (vena cavae adn pulmonary artery) entering the heart. * The SA node sends electrical signals/impulses throughout the nerves of the cardiac muscle. * As a result, the atria contract (atrial systole) and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open. * Blood flows into the ventricles. * While the atria are in systole, the ventricles are in diastole.
67
Describe ventricular systole and atrial diastole.
* After the ventricles have recieved blood from the atria, AV node recieves a signal from the SA node. * Then sends an electrical signal/impulse that spreads throughout the nerves within the cardiac muscle of the ventricles. * This causes ventricular systole. * As a result, the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close and the semilunar valves open * Blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta. * Whilst the ventricles are in systole, the atria are in diastole.
68
What is a pulse?
The rhythmic stretching or expanding of an artery.
69
Where can we feel pulses and why?
The neck and wrists, as arteries are close to the skin.
70
What is blood pressure?
The force blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels.
71
Where is blood pressure the highest in and why?
Arteries due to the contraction of the heart.
72
Where is blood pressure the lowest?
Veins.
73
Why is blood pressure expressed as two numbers?
This is because blood pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes.
74
What is the higher value of blood pressure called?
Systolic pressure.
75
What is the lower value of blood pressure called?
Diastolic pressure.
76
What is blood pressure measured with?
A sphygmomanometer.
77
What is the normal blood pressure for an adult human?
120/80 mmHg.
78
When is blood pressure generally considered high?
If it is anything above 150/110 mmHg.
79
What does high blood pressure increase the risk of having?
A heart attack or a stroke.
80
What is atherosclerosis?
The hardening or narrowing of arteries due to a build up of fatty tissue on the insides of blood vessels. It increases blood pressur even further and thereby increases the risk of heart attack/stroke.
81
What effect does smoking have on the circulatory system?
* Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs and causes an increase in heart rate and can also cause an increase in blood pressure. * Over a long period of time, smoking can lead to heart disease and stroke as well as various types of cancers.
82
What effect does diet have on the circulatory system?
* A diet high in saturated fats increases blood pressure and athersclerosis. * A diet high in salt also increases blood pressure. * The brain tries to keep the concentration of the bloodstream the same at all times (homeostasis). If salt levels in the blood increase, the brain responds by stimulating thirst. Water is taken in, increasing blood volume, causing blood pressure to rise. * Diuretics often given to patients with heart disease to decrease blood pressure. They work by decreasing blood volume.
83

Biology (18 decks)

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