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The Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell division?

A

The proces of a living cell splitting to form two separate living cells.

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2
Q

What is cell conitnuity?

A

Refers to living cells arising fro living cells of the same type.

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A tightly coiled and highly speicialised structure of DNA and protein.

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Very long, thin and unwound threads of DNA and protein, that are not visible.

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5
Q

What is a karotype?

A

An individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short region of a chromsome that contains a code for the production of a protein.

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7
Q

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called in humans?

A

Autosomel chromosomes (auutosomes)

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8
Q

What is the function of autosomes?

A

They carry genes for the everyday fnctioning of the body’s cells.

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9
Q

What are the 23rd pair of chromosomes called?

A

Sex chromosomes, so called because they control gender. A person is either XX (female) or XY (male).

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10
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism.

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11
Q

What do genes control?

A

Genes control all the features of living organisms.

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12
Q

What are some examples of what genes control in humans?

A

Height, skin colour, hair colour, weight, number of fingers, gender, etc.

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13
Q

What are some examples of what genes control in plants?

A

Flower control, height, chlorophyll production, leaf shape, etc.

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14
Q

How do genes control these features?

A

By producing proteins, such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, structures proteins, transport proteins and pigments.

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15
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

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16
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Chromosomes are arranged in pairs, and each pair of chromosmes is called a homologous pair.

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17
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?

A

23 pairs.

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18
Q

What kind of genes do homologous pairs carry?

A

Homologous pairs carry genes that control the same characteristics, but they do not necessarily carry the same genes.

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19
Q

Which homologous pair is the longest and carries the most genes?

A

Pair number 1.

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20
Q

Which homologous pair is the shortest and carries the least genes?

A

Pair number 22.

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21
Q

What is different about the number of chromosomes in sex cells?

A

Sex cells contain one chromosome from each homologous pair. Therefore, in humans, egg and sperm cells contain 23 chromosomes.

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22
Q

What is haploid?

A

One set of chromosomes (n).

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23
Q

What is diploid?

A

Two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs)(2n).

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24
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46.

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25
How many stages are in the cell cycle and what are they?
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cell division
26
What is interphase?
A long period of the cell cycle during which the cell spends most of its life and carries out its everyday activities.
27
What are some of the daily activities of a cell?
Producing proteins (all cells), causing movement (muscle cells), creating electrical impulses (nerve cells), protecting other cells (white blood cells and skin cells), etc.
28
Towards the end of interphase, how does the cell ready itself for the next two stages of mitosis and cell division?
* By increasing in size * Replicating its DNA so that the nucleus temporarily has 92 chromosomes.
29
What is mitosis?
Nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei is the same as the parent nucleus.
30
What are the four stages of mitosis?
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
31
What happens in the prophase of mitosis?
* Chromatin begins to condense into clearly visible chromosomes (DNA duplicated at the end of interphase). * Duplicated chromosomes are attached by a structure called the centromere. * Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve, releasing the chromosomes into the cytoplasm. * At the pole of the cell, centriole produces spindle fibres, and these attach to the chromosome at the centromere.
32
What are spindle fibres?
Spindle fibres, produced by the centriole,help to organise duplicated chromosomes throughout the stages of mitosis so that each new cell recieves the same number of chromosomes.
33
What happens in the metaphase of mitosis?
* Chromosomes lined up along the equator (middle) of the cell in readiness for movement of chromosomes. * They are held in position by the spindle fibres.
34
What happens in the anaphase of mitosis?
* The centromeres holding the duplicated chromosomes together split in two and the chromosomes move apart, with each going to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. * Spindle fibres contract to move the chromosomes to either end of the cell.
35
What happens in the telophase of mitosis?
* Once chromosomes are at the poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane begins to reform around them. * The chromosomes unravel and elongate to form chromatin. * The spindle fibres dissolve away and the cell readies itself for the next stage of cell division.
36
What is cell division also known as?
Cytokinesis
37
How does cell division occur in animal cells?
* In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms. * Proteins, such as actin and myosin, pull the cell membrane inwards towards the centre of the cell.
38
What is a cleavage furrow?
An indentation of the cytoplasm that begins on the outside of the cell.
39
How does cell division occur in plant cells?
* In plant cells, a cell plate forms when very small intra-cellular vesicles (small organelles inside the cell) line up along the site of the cell plate. * They fuse together, forming a new cell membrane and cell wall.
40
What is the function of mitosis in single celled organisms?
* Function mainly in reproduction (asexual). * Advantage is that it can be completed very quickly and efficiently * Disadvantage is that daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. This does not produce variation and as a result, the cells will be susceptible to the same infections and less able to survive harsh conditions.
41
What is one example of a single celled organism in which mitosis occurs?
Bacteria.
42
What is the function of mitsosis in multicellular organisms?
* Involves mainly the production of new cells necessary for growth and repair. * Mitosis in humans and other animals begins at contraception when the sperm and egg cell unite in fertilisation, and continues until death. * Occurs in almost every tissue of the body throughout life.
43
What is an example of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
In humans, the skin replaces itself every four weeks.
44
What is cancer?
A group of disorders in which cells lose control over the rate of mitosis and cell division.
45
What are cancer cells also known as?
Abnormal cells.
46
What are the two types of cancer
1. Beniegn 2. Malignant
47
What is beniegn cancer?
* Abnormal cells divide by uncontrolled mitosis and cell division to form a tumour, but do not move or invade other tissue of the body. They stay in one position * In general, they are not life threatening, however, beneign cancer can change to malignant cancer.
48
What is malignant cancer?
* Abnormal cells divide by uncontrolled mitosis and cell division and have the ability to leave the tumour. (metastasis). * Metastasis if left untreated is life threatening.
49
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells from the place first formed to another part of the body.
50
What are carcinogens?
A substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer.
51
What are some common causes of cancer?
UV light, cigarette smoke, radon gas, asbestos fibres, human papilloma virus, etc.
52
How do carcinogens cause cancer?
By causing mutations (changes to DNA) in genes. Most genes, if mutated, do not cause cancer. However, there are certain genes that, when changed by mutations, have the potential to cause cancer.
53
What is an oncogene?
An often mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
54
What is oncology?
The study of cancer.
55
What are three different types of treatment for cancer?
1. Surgery, to physically remove the cancerous tissue from the body. 2. Radio therapy/Radiation, the killing of cancer cells using radiation. 3. Chemotherapy, the use of chemicals that specifically target cells that are rapidly developing.
56
What is meiosis?
A form of nuclear division in which four non-identical daughter nuclei are produced. Each of the nuclei are haploid.
57
Why is meiosis a very important process in multicellular organisms?
It is required for sexual reproduction to occur.
58
What are the products of meiosis in humans?
The sperm and egg cells.
59
Where does meiosis occur in the human body?
The testis of males and the ovaries of females.
60
Name the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
**Mitosis** -Involves the division of the nucleus. -Maintains the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells (46). -Produces genetically identical cells. -Occurs in all living organisms. -Used for asexual reproduction in single celled organisms. **Meiosis** -Involves two rounds of nuclear division. -Halves the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells (23). -Produces variation. -Only occurs in multi-cellular organisms. -Used for sexual reproduction in multi-cellular organisms.

Biology (16 decks)

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