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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The way in which an organism obtains and uses food.

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2
Q

What are the six constituents that food is made up of?

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Proteins
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Water
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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions.

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4
Q

Continuity of life

A

The way in which living things arise from living things of the same type.

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements that are only needed by the body in small amounts.

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6
Q

Name 3 examples of trace elements and their roles.

A

-Iron (Fe) = Required by haemoglobin.
-Copper (Cu) = Essential for a long list of animal enzymes.
-Zinc (Zn) = Essential for a long list of animal enzymes.

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7
Q

Biomolecules

A

Are organic chemicals produced and found only in living organisms.

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8
Q

What are the four major types of biomolecules found in food?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Vitamins
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9
Q

What is the bimolecular structure of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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10
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H20)y

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11
Q

What are the three groups that carbohydrates are divided into?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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12
Q

What are three examples of monosaccharides?

A

-Glucose (Glc) - Fruit juices, sweets and chocolate
-Fructose (Fru) - Fruits, Fruit juices
-Galactose (Gal) - Dairy products

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13
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

-Maltose (Glc-Glc) - Barley
-Sucrose (Glc-Fru) - Table sugar, cane sugar, sugar beet, fruit
-Lactose (Glc-Gal) - Milk

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14
Q

What is the chemical equation for monosaccharides?

A

C6H12O6

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation for disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

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16
Q

What is the function of sugars?

A

Providing energy for the organisms.

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17
Q

What is the general formula for polysaccharides?

A

(C6H10O5)n

18
Q

What are three examples of polysaccharides?

A

-Starch(Amylose) - In plants, starch is an energy store. In animals it is an energy source.
-Glycogen - Energy store in animals
-Cellulose - Makes up plant cell walls. Fibre in animals, energy source in herbivores.

19
Q

What is the biomolecular structure of lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

20
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

21
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Storing energy. Adipose tissue for insulation and surrounding internal organs for protection.

22
Q

Phospholipids

A

Composed of one glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

23
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Essential component of the cell membrane of all cells and is responsible for transferring chemical signals.

24
Q

What is the biomolecular structure of proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

25
What are fibrous proteins?
Composed of long, straight chains of amino acid with very little folding in their structure. They have structural functions in living organisms.
26
Globular proteins
Composed of long chains of amino acids with a lot of folding in their structure. They have metabolic functions in living organisms.
27
What are three examples of proteins with structural functions?
-Collagen - Responsible for holding tissues and organs together. Key component of bone, skin, tendons, ligaments and gums. -Skeletal muscle - Full of the proteins actin and myosin which are responsible for creating movement. -Keratin - Makes up a large part of our hair, skin and nails.
28
What are three examples of proteins with metabolic functions?
-Enzymes - Made from protein and speed up biochemical reactions -Hormones - Made from protein and regulate metabolism (eg. insulin & growth hormone) -Anti-bodies - Produced by white blood cells and help us to fight infections. -Haemoglobin - Protein present in red blood cells and it carries oxygen around the body.
29
What is a vitamin?
An organic molecule needed by organisms in very small amounts because the organisms are unable to make it themselves.
30
What is one example of a fat-soluble vitamin?
* Vitamin D -Deficiency in children = rickets -Deficiency in adults = osteomalacia -Responsible for the absorption of calcium in digestive system. -Sources - Sunlight, eggs, milk, etc.
31
What is one example of a water-soluble vitamin?
* Vitamin C -Deficiency = scurvy -Responsible for the formation of collagen -Sources - Citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, etc.
32
What are dietary minerals?
Metallic elements required by living organisms.
33
What are two examples of minerals required by plants?
-Calcium - Formation of middle lamella. -Magnesium - Formation of chlorophyll.
34
What are two examples of mineral required by animals?
-Calcium - Formation of bones and teeth. -Iron - Formation of haemoglobin.
35
List 5 points of information about water.
-Most common molecule in living organisms -Water makes up between 70% & 95% of a cells mass. -Water is the medium in which metabolism occurs. - Water is an excellent solvent, meaning any organic molecules can dissolve in it. -Water can actually take part in chemical reactions.
36
What is hydrolysis?
-Occurs in the digestion when water, with the help of specific enzymes breaks the bonds between the building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. -Water is used up as each bond is broken. -Monomers (single units) of the biomolecules are formed during hydrolysis.
37
What is a condensation reaction?
-Occurs when molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are reassembled within cells. -Water is lost after each bond is made. -The process is also called polymerisation, as polymers of the biomolecules are being made.
38
What is meant by the term specific heat capacity?
The amount of heat energy eater can hold per litre.
39
What is anabolism?
The building up of large molecules from smaller molecules using energy.
40
What are two examples of anabolic reactions?
-Photosynthesis - Enzymes make glucose from water and CO2, using sunlight as an energy source. -Protein synthesis - Enzymes join amino acids together to make large proteins.
41
What is catabolism?
The breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules with the release of energy.
42
What are two examples of catabolic reactions?
-Respiration - Glucose is broken down by enzymes, releasing energy in the process. -Digestion - Enzymes break down large molecules into smaller ones.

Biology (18 decks)

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