the human brain

Question 1

anterior /rostral

Answer 1

pointing towards nose

Question 2

posterior/ caudal

Answer 2

pointing towards tail

Question 3

dorsal

Answer 3

pointing up

Question 4

ventral

Answer 4

pointing down

Question 5

bilateral symmetry

Answer 5

the right side of the brain and spinal cord is the mirror image of the left side

Question 6

medial structures

Answer 6

structures closer to the midline (invisible line running down the middle of the nervous system)

Question 7

laterals structures

Answer 7

structure further away from the midline

Question 8

ipislateral

Answer 8

structures that are on the same side as each other

Question 9

contralateral

Answer 9

structures on opposite sides of the midline

Question 10

midsagittal plane

Answer 10

sectioning the brain into equal right and left halves

Question 11

horizontal plane

Answer 11

split the brain into dorsal and ventral parts across the head as if cutting out the brain from the eyes

Question 12

coronal plane

Answer 12

sectioning the brain perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane
splitting the brain into anterior and posterior parts

Question 13

the cerebrum

Answer 13

the rostral most part
largest part of the brain
can be split into the two cerebral hemispheres separated by the deep sagittal fissure
the hemispheres are contralateral (i.e. the right one receives sensations from and controls movement of the left side of the body and the left does the right

Question 14

the cerebellum

Answer 14

‘little brain’
contains as many neurones as the cerebrum
primarily involved in movement
it is not contralateral
90% of all neutrons are here
muscle tone- always in prime position for movement
motor error checking
compares intent and outcome (if discrepancies between these then this can be calculated and hopefully counteracted)
learning
has folia ‘leaves’
deep white matter

Question 15

the brain stem

Answer 15

forms the stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum sprout
in part serves to relay information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa
vital functions are regulated here e.g. breathing, consciousness and the control of body temperature
most primitive part of the brain
damage to brain stem = rapid death (unlike damage to cerebellum or cerebrum)

Question 16

the spinal cord

Answer 16

conduit of information from the skin joints and muscles to the brain and vice versa
communicates with body via spinal nerves (peripheral NS)

Question 17

cerebellar ataxia

Answer 17

disorder of degeneration
loss of cerebellar neurones
jerky imprecise movements

Question 18

Cranial nerve I

Answer 18

olfactory

Question 19

cranial nerve II

Answer 19

optic

eye movement

Question 20

cranial nerve III

Answer 20

oculumotor coordinate eye movement

damage can cause double vision

Question 21

cranial nerve IV

Answer 21

trochlear coordinate eye movement upward and downward

Question 22

cranical nerve V

Answer 22

trigeminal
provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of chewing

3 parts
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

Question 23

cranial nerve VI

Answer 23

abduncens coordinate eye movement

Question 24

cranial nerve VII

Answer 24

facial
expression
bell’s palsy

Question 25

cranial nerve VIII

Answer 25

vestibulocochlear
splits into the vestibular and cochlear nerve
hearing and balance

Question 26

cranial nerve IX

Answer 26

glossopharyngeal

oral sensation, taste and salivation

Question 27

cranial nerve X

Answer 27

vagus
parasympathetic innervation
blood pressure heart rate

Question 28

cranial nerve XI

Answer 28

accessory

shoulder elevation and head turning

Question 29

cranial nerve XII

Answer 29

hypoglossal

tongue movement

Question 30

pneumonic for cranial nerves

Answer 30

Oh olfactory taste/smell
oh optic vision
oh occulular motor eye movement
to trochlear downward and upward eye movement
touch trigeminal senses of skin face and chewing
and abduncens lateral rectus abduction, eye movement
feel facial facial expression
very vestibularcochlear: hearing, proprioception of head, balance
good glossopharyngeal stylopharyngeus,oral sensation
velvet vagus soft palate, larynx, pharynx, para simp stuff
ah accessory movement of head and shoulders
hah hypoglossal tongue movement