the human brain Flashcards
anterior /rostral
pointing towards nose
posterior/ caudal
pointing towards tail
dorsal
pointing up
ventral
pointing down
bilateral symmetry
the right side of the brain and spinal cord is the mirror image of the left side
medial structures
structures closer to the midline (invisible line running down the middle of the nervous system)
laterals structures
structure further away from the midline
ipislateral
structures that are on the same side as each other
contralateral
structures on opposite sides of the midline
midsagittal plane
sectioning the brain into equal right and left halves
horizontal plane
split the brain into dorsal and ventral parts across the head as if cutting out the brain from the eyes
coronal plane
sectioning the brain perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane
splitting the brain into anterior and posterior parts
the cerebrum
the rostral most part
largest part of the brain
can be split into the two cerebral hemispheres separated by the deep sagittal fissure
the hemispheres are contralateral (i.e. the right one receives sensations from and controls movement of the left side of the body and the left does the right
the cerebellum
‘little brain’
contains as many neurones as the cerebrum
primarily involved in movement
it is not contralateral
90% of all neutrons are here
muscle tone- always in prime position for movement
motor error checking
compares intent and outcome (if discrepancies between these then this can be calculated and hopefully counteracted)
learning
has folia ‘leaves’
deep white matter
the brain stem
forms the stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum sprout
in part serves to relay information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa
vital functions are regulated here e.g. breathing, consciousness and the control of body temperature
most primitive part of the brain
damage to brain stem = rapid death (unlike damage to cerebellum or cerebrum)
the spinal cord
conduit of information from the skin joints and muscles to the brain and vice versa
communicates with body via spinal nerves (peripheral NS)
cerebellar ataxia
disorder of degeneration
loss of cerebellar neurones
jerky imprecise movements
Cranial nerve I
olfactory
cranial nerve II
optic
eye movement
cranial nerve III
oculumotor coordinate eye movement
damage can cause double vision
cranial nerve IV
trochlear coordinate eye movement upward and downward
cranical nerve V
trigeminal
provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of chewing
3 parts
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
cranial nerve VI
abduncens coordinate eye movement
cranial nerve VII
facial
expression
bell’s palsy
cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear
splits into the vestibular and cochlear nerve
hearing and balance
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal
oral sensation, taste and salivation
cranial nerve X
vagus
parasympathetic innervation
blood pressure heart rate
cranial nerve XI
accessory
shoulder elevation and head turning
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal
tongue movement
pneumonic for cranial nerves
Oh olfactory taste/smell
oh optic vision
oh occulular motor eye movement
to trochlear downward and upward eye movement
touch trigeminal senses of skin face and chewing
and abduncens lateral rectus abduction, eye movement
feel facial facial expression
very vestibularcochlear: hearing, proprioception of head, balance
good glossopharyngeal stylopharyngeus,oral sensation
velvet vagus soft palate, larynx, pharynx, para simp stuff
ah accessory movement of head and shoulders
hah hypoglossal tongue movement
