memory

Question 1

the engram (slightly outdated)

Answer 1

physical embodiment of a memory

collection of all changes that happen that lead to memory of information

Question 2

procedural memry

Answer 2

thinking about how you are doing something activates the prefrontal cortex which can inhibit the procedural process while doing it

Question 3

working memory where?

Answer 3

prefrontal cortex

Question 4

hippocampus

Answer 4

essential for converting short into long term

declarative

ancient greek for seahorse

Question 5

amygdala

Answer 5

multple, processed sensor inputs (smell)

implicit/emotional/learnt fear

Question 6

lesions in hippocampus

Answer 6

cause memory loss

Question 7

structure of hippocampus

Answer 7

3 layered cortex

Inputs from entorhinal cortex and beyond

Outputs to many regions via fornix

invaginatin
different types of cells in each layer

Question 8

reverberatign circuits

Answer 8

constant activity of sets of neurones (which can be triggered by other events)

Question 9

the hebbian synapse concept (more recent)

Answer 9

activity modifiable,plastic synapse

change in the synapse between neurones (simultaneous firing (fire together , wire together)

Question 10

faciliations

Answer 10

synapse becomes strogner

Question 11

depression

Answer 11

synapse becomes weaker (not always bad- can lead to acquisition of memory,not always forgetting)

Question 12

immeditate

Answer 12

depend on depletion vesicles in presynaptci cleft

if not enough of them- can lead to depression of synapse

Question 13

facilitation/depression

Answer 13

short term - mins/horus

ca2+ avilablilty /vesicles depletion

long term facilitation/depression
sustained (days/weeks+)

Question 14

long term potentiation in hippocampus

Answer 14

a long lasting strengthening of synapse between nerve cells

long lasting increase in the number of AMPa receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

CA1 neuron connected with CA3 with a synapse

Question 15

tetanic LTP

Answer 15

high frequency stimulation 1000 hz
Amplitude of EPSP will increase
This change can last for years

Specific to the input ‘input specificity’
By this the post synaptic neuron can store more informatin

Doesn’t necessarily only happen in the brain
If simultaneous dopelarisation two neurones at same time either side of synpase – increase in amplutide of ESPS and long term potenialtion

Question 16

paired LTP

Answer 16

conincident stimulus and depolarisation

associativity
pavlovs dogs

Question 17

Aplysia Californica

Answer 17

gill withdrawal reflex

Gill withdrawal reflex – they don’t like the gill to be touched
But if touched It withdraws
But it’s not a static process it may change

Question 18

Gill withdrawal refelx

Answer 18

shows
habituation
short term sensitisation
long term sensitisation
classical (pavilion) and operant (skinner) conditioning

Question 19

habituations

Answer 19

if keep touching gill the animal overtime will stop withdrawing the gill because will release it’s not dangerous //stop responding

Question 20

short term sensitisation

Answer 20

couple touching gill with mild electric shock
- habituation

Pair single tail pinch (aversive) with siphon touch
Re-establish siphon reflex
Short-term ~60min+

Question 21

Gills

Answer 21

have big neurones and simple nervous systems

Question 22

long term sensitisation

Answer 22

repeatint pairing of siphon touch and tail pinch

long term non habituating siphon/gill refelx

Question 23

LTP, LTD and Aplysia

Answer 23

Require receptor activation (glutamate / serotonin)
Altered synaptic responsivity
Mediated by second messengers (Ca2+/cAMP)
Require protein phosphorylation changes in early stages
Require protein synthesis for late stages
Involve biochemical and structural pre and post-synaptic changes

Question 24

how does LTP occur?

Answer 24

evidence suggests often a post synaptic event

most indicates a critical role for Ca2+

involves trafficking of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane

Ampa recepors on postsynaptic membrane translocate//increase and increaser responsivity – leading to long term potentiation

Question 25

Kluver Bucy syndrome

Answer 25

amygdala lesions

the papez circuit

visual and tacile agnosia

hypoerorality

hypoer exploration

herphagia

hypoersexuality

Question 26

to achieve long term potentiation

Answer 26

same amount of glutamate being released from the presynaptic neurone evoking a greater response at the post synpatic neutron

which is achieved by an increase in number of AMPA receptors present on the post synaptic membrane

this increases the likelihood that a glutamate ovule will interact with an AMPA receptor causing it to open and intimate an EPSP in the post sync membrane