The Holocaust Flashcards
Who created the term Genocide and when?
Professor Raphael Lemkin in 1944
The Herero and Nama Genocide
Early 1900’s, took place in Namibia
Namibia was originally called
German South West Africa
In ____________ Herero chief _____________ and Nama chief ______________
1904
Samuel Maharero
Hendrik Witbooi
Leader of German military
General Lothar van Trotha
In _______: _____ Herero & ____ Nama killed
1908
80%
50%
The Cambodian Genocide
Between 1975 - 1979
Communist group ___________________ led by _______________ took over the country
Khmer Rouge
Pol Pot
1979
Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia overthrowing Khmer Rouge and ending their brutal regime
Rwandan Genocide
In 1994
800 000 people mostly Tutsi’s were brutally killed in just ________ days
100
Rwanda was colonised by
Belgians
Rwanda inhabited by
Hutu and Tutsi
Belgians favoured the ____________ which led to _____________
Tutsi’s
Ethnic tension
Nazi targeted groups and badge on clothes:
Jews: yellow star (star of David)
Gypsies: purple star
Homosexual: pink triangle
Nazi’s regarded Jews and other targeted groups as
Untermensch or subhuman
Other groups targeted for racial and other reasons
- Slavs
- Romani/Sinti/‘Gypsies”
- Baltic people
- People with disabilities
- Gay men
- Political and religious opponents
Death camps were built to
Ensure mass murders were carried out
In Judaism the Holocaust is referred to as ___________ which means _______________ in __________
Shoah
“Calamity”
Hebrew
Hitler believed that Germans were members of a superior group called “__________” race or ________
Aryan
Herrenvolk
Jewish population of less than 1% of Germany
Census of 1933
Who influenced Hitler’s racial ideas
Austrian politicians:
- Georg Ritter Von Schönerer = German nationalist
- Karl Lueger = Vienna Mayor
Public servants who were considered non-Aryan were dismissed from jobs
7 April 1933: banned from practicing the law and barred from being doctors or other professions
Hitler released the Nuremburg Laws
September 1935
The Nuremburg law banned/restricted Jews from
- Joining the army
- Marrying Germans = Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour & existing ‘mixed’ marriages were dissolved
- Stripped Jews of their citizenship, subjects not citizens = Reich Citizenship Law
- No right to vote
- Could not be appointed to any office state
Jews were forced to sell their businesses
Towards the end of 1937
Jews banned from owning certain things and going to school
1938
Nazis claimed that Jews were a race defined by
Birth and by blood
Nazis looked to
Family genealogy to define race
Segregation of Jews began in
1935
Isolation of Jews including actions such as
- Signs outside towns
- Passports stamped with large J
- Jews forced to use obvious Jewish names
- Jews prohibited from attending/using public facilities
Jews were deported to Poland
1938
Kristillnacht
9-10 November 1938
Early November
Von Ruth a German diplomat in Paris assassinated by a Jew
Nazi used this as an
Excuse to unleash a mob attack on Jews in Germany - pogram
_______ Jewish synagogues set alight and over _______ Jewish shops destroyed
119
800
Reason for the name Kristallnacht
Many shop windows were smashed
Kristallnacht or
Night of the broken glass
1939
Hitler told the Reichstag that if war came it could mean ‘the destruction of the Jewish race in Europe’
WW2 broke out on ________________ when _____________
September 1939
Nazi invaded Poland
Nazi’s dominated most of Europe
By 1941
Ghettos originated from the name
Of the Jewish quarter in Venice, Italy established in 1516
What did the Nazis do while the Ghettos took place?
Nazi leadership in Berlin deliberated upon options to realise the goal of removing the Jewish population
Jews only got what food in the Ghettos?
Bowl of soup a day
Loaf of bread a week
Living conditions of the Ghettos
- Very crowded
- Sicknesses like tuberculosis and dysentery
- Lack of medicine
Established first Ghetto in
Poland on October 1939
Largest Ghetto in Poland
Warsaw Ghetto
If Jews were too old/sick they would be
Shipped to labour camps where they would work until they died
Nazi appointed __________________ or __________________ to __________________________________
Jewish councils
Judenrete
Administer daily life in the Ghettos
Final Solution
Beginning in late 1941
Final Solution goal
To murder all European Jews
Forms of unarmed defiance
- Organised attempts at escaping from the ghettos into nearby forests
- Illegal smuggling of food, medicine, weapons/intelligence into the ghettos
- Spiritual resistance
Examples of Spiritual resistance
- Cultural and educational activities
- Secret religious meetings
Secret underground library
Częstochowa, Poland serviced 1000 readers
German authorities did not always forbid
Cultural activities
Forms of cultural activities
- Concerts
- Lectures
- Theatrical productions
- Cabarets
- Art contests
At ____________ in _________, ________ Jewish ____________ groups existed
Warsaw
1940
600
Prayer
Prayers helped with
- Sustaining morale
- Reaffirmed a cultural and religious identity
- Supplied spiritual comfort
Many _______________ Jews viewed prayers and religious as the _______________________________
Orthodox /traditional
Truest form of resistance
Largest uprising of all
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Between 1941 - 1943
Underground resistance movements developed in approx. 100 ghettos
Underground resistance movements happened especially in
- Poland
- Lithuania
- Belorussia
- Ukraine
First years of persecution
1933, Hitler gave the first order to boycott all Jewish shops and businesses (SA soldiers protested in the streets)
Kristallnacht was a
Turning point in Germany
