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Apartheid South Africa Flashcards

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1
Q

Apartheid was introduced by

A

National Party in South Africa in 1948 after DF Malan and National Party gained power

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2
Q

_________ government immediately began…

A

All-white
Enforcing and adding to existing policies of racial segregation

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3
Q

Apartheid translated means

A

Separateness

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4
Q

Apartheid was a system

A

Of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to early 1990’s

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5
Q

Apartheid was characterised

A

By an authoritarian culture based on baasskap

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6
Q

Baasskap

A

Ensured SA was dominated politically, socially and economically through country’s dominant minority white population

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7
Q

Hierarchy of races in SA during Apartheid

A
  1. White citizens (highest status)
  2. Indian & coloured people
  3. Black people
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8
Q

________ & _________ of apartheid ________

A

Economic legacy
Social effects
Continue to present day, particularly inequality

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9
Q

Goal of Apartheid policies

A

To separate the different races in all respects - socially,politically, economically and territorially: to keep white poeple in a position of power and control

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10
Q

These apartheid laws ruled:

A
  • How people were classified
  • Where people could live
  • What amenities people could use
  • Who people could marry
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11
Q

These apartheid laws were passed by

A

National Party government to ensure white minority rule

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12
Q

Apartheid laws:

A
  • The Population Registration Act
  • The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
  • The Immorality Act
  • The Group Areas Act
  • The Abolition of Passes Act
  • The Separate Amenities Act
  • The Bantu Education Act
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13
Q

Population Registration Act

A

1950: forced South Africans to classify/register into one of four groups: White, Indian, Coloured/Black

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14
Q

Were largely determined by the group which an individual belonged:

A
  • Social rights
  • Political rights
  • Educational opportunities
  • Economic status
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15
Q

3 Basic classifications under the law

A
  • Black
  • White
  • Coloured (mixed)

Indians were added later: initially seen as having “no historical right to the country”

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16
Q

Criteria for separating Coloured People from White People

A
  • Characteristics of person’s head hair
  • Characteristics of person’s other hair
  • Skin colour
  • Facial features
  • Home language & especially knowledge of Afrikaans
  • Area where person’s lives, friends & acquaintances
  • Employment
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Eating and drinking habits
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17
Q

The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act

A

1949
- Made it illegal for black and white people to marry each other. Introduced by apartheid government and part of its overall policy of separateness.

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18
Q

Consequences of breaking The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act

A
  • People are arrested and charged for breaking its provisions
  • Interracial marriages of South Africans that occurred outside the country are nullified
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19
Q

Immorality Amendment Act

A

1950
- Forbid unmarried sexual intercourse between “Europeans” and anyone not “European
- Enforcement of the act was up to police who often followed people to their homes to ensure there were not in violation of the law

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20
Q

Consequences of breaking the Immorality Amendment Act

A

Police would raid the homes of those believed to be in mixed marriages

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21
Q

The Group Areas Act

A

1950
- Divided the towns and cities of the country into separate residential and business areas for each race group

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22
Q

Consequences of breaking Group Areas Act

A
  • People (Indians, Coloured/Blacks) are removed from areas (designated for whites) by police and are then forced to live in newly designated area
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23
Q

The Abolition of Passes Act

A

1952
- Forced all black men (over age of 16) to carry a pass/reference book/dompass
- Illegal to be without a pass
- Pass books severely restricted movements of Black South Africans and other racial groups by confining them to designated areas/allowed black people to enter “white” South Africa to work
- 1956 law was extended to include women

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24
Q

Consequences of breaking Abolition of Passes Act

A

To be without a pass the penalty was arrest & jail

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25
Q

Pass books included

A

Detailed information, including employment information and evaluations from employers (fingerprints)

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26
Q

The Separate Amenities Act

A

1953
- To create separate social environments for white and other population groups
- Enforced segregation of facilities and services e.g. hospitals, post offices, trains and buses etc.

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27
Q

The Bantu Education Act

A

1953
- Bantu Education: majorly long term impact “black” education
- Introduced a system of education: designed to serve apartheid and train black people for unskilled work
- Government spent far more on education for white children than black children
- Long shortage of qualified teachers: teacher-student rates ranged from 40-1 to 60-1
- Intended to spread idea that blacks were to accept being subservient to white South Africans

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28
Q

Money spent for schools:

A
  1. Whites
  2. Indians & coloured
  3. Blacks
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29
Q

African-American in USA resisted

A

Jim Crow laws

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30
Q

People in South Africa resisted

A

Apartheid laws

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31
Q

Different Resistance Campaigns:

A
  • Defiance Campaign
  • Freedom Character & Congress of People
  • Women’s March to the Union Buildings
  • Sharpeville Massacre
  • Armed Struggle & Rivonia Trial
  • Steve Biko & the Black Consciousness Movement
  • Soweto Uprising
32
Q

Defiance Campaign

A

1952
- ANC got together with SA Indian Congress and decided to take a stand
- They demanded Apartheid Government to abolish 6 Apartheid laws/they would launch an act of defiance
- Government ignored their demands: 26th of June 1952 ANC with support of other allied grouping launched their Defiance Campaign
- Lasted 3 months, over 8000 people arrested: organisers (ANC) called off the campaign

33
Q

Purpose of the Defiance Campaign

A

Volunteers would break apartheid laws, get arrested and be locked up until country’s jails were overflowing and state wouldn’t be able to operate and volunteers would be heard

34
Q

What they did in Defiance Campaign:

A
  • Black volunteers walked through “European Only” entrances
  • Sat in parks set aside for whites
  • Burned their pass books
  • Visited white only beaches
35
Q

Results of Defiance Campaign

A
  • Laws were not repealed
  • Defiance Campaign was a huge success, showed what people standing together could do
  • Saw the Movement of ANC from moderation to military
  • Inspired and drew people together (for the first time different race groups were engaging in joined political action under common leadership)
  • Served as an inspiration to Civil Rights Activists in US
  • Gained worldwide attention and highlighted racism present in South Africa
36
Q

Congress of the People

A

1955
- End of Defiance Campaign, leaders of black, coloured, indian and white groups came together to form the Congress Alliance (partly because of new unity found during Defiance Campaign)
- Alliance organised the Congress of People: 26th June 1955, meeting held in Kiptown of about 3000 people to lay out the vision for a new South Africa

37
Q

Vision for new South Africa

A
  • Democratic
  • Non-racial South Africa
38
Q

Freedom Charter

A

At Congress of the People, Freedom Charter was adopted (document that was drawn up). Our constitution today is based on this charter

39
Q

What people wanted for a new South Africa

A
  • The People shall Govern!
  • The People shall Share in the Country’s Wealth!
  • All shall Enjoy Human Rights!
  • The Doors of Learning and of Culture shall be Opened!
40
Q

Result of Congress of People

A
  • Drew up the Freedom Charter
  • Treason Trial (were not found guilty - lasted for 4 years)
  • Unity in Apartheid movement
  • Government repression
  • Impact on future
41
Q

Women’s March to the Union Buildings

A

09 August 1956
- By 1955: Apartheid Government decided to extend Pass Laws to Women
- Women of all races (horrified) organised a march for 9th August 1956 through Pretoria
- 20 000 women marched on Union Buildings to present anti-pass petitions to Prime Minister Strijdom (refused to see them, thousands of forms were left at his door)

42
Q

At Union Buildings women sang a song composed from this occasion

A

“Strijdom, you have tampered with the women, you have struck a rock”

43
Q

Purpose of Women’s March

A

Protest against passes for women calling them an insult to all women

44
Q

4 Chosen leaders of the Women’s March day

A
  • Rohima Moosa
  • Lilian Ngoyi
  • Helen Joseph
  • Sophia Williams
45
Q

Significant points about Women’s March

A
  • People of different race groups coming together
  • Women for the 1st time stood against Apartheid
46
Q

9th August in now celebrated as

A

South Africa’s Women’s Day

47
Q

Resistance to apartheid grew_____

A

Steadily during 1950’s and was carried out by a number of different groups/race groups e.g. women, worker and trade unionists

48
Q

1950’s

A

Decade of Defiance

49
Q

Sharpeville Massacre

A

21 March 1960
- March 1959, the Pan Africa Congress (PAC) were formed, led by Robert Sokukwe
- PAC organised an anti-pass campaign for 21 March 1960: where people walk with leaders to local police stations, burn their passes and wait to be arrested
- People were unarmed (peaceful protest) gathered outside police station in Sharpeville near Vereeniging
- Police were nervous when it seemed the fence around station was about to collapse to they started firing

50
Q

1959/late 1950’s

A

“Africanists” within the ANC didn’t agree with the multiracial way in which the organisation was working

51
Q

When police opened fire in Sharpeville…

A

People tried to run away and many were shot in the back (showed people were running away)
Within minutes: 69 lay dead and 180 wounded (police massacre)

52
Q

PAC started…

A

Competing with ANC for membership and support

53
Q

Most hated law

A

Pass law

54
Q

Celebrated on 21 March

A

Human Rights Day

55
Q

Results of Sharpeville Massacre

A
  • Made Headline news
  • Drew awareness to the cause
56
Q

Sharpeville Massacre was the…

A

Turning point/shift: ANC and PAC were banned/illegal

57
Q

The Armed Struggle

A
  • State reacted to Sharpeville Massacre, imposing a state of emergency and curfews in areas of unrest (harsh response by the government)
  • All political meetings/mass actions and ANC and PAC were banned
  • June 1961: ANC established an armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe/MK (Spear of the Nation)
  • PAC armed wing: Poqo
58
Q

Peaceful action just resulted in government violence…

A

Only resistance left to ANC & PAC was to resort to violence

59
Q

Purpose of Armed Struggle

A

To sabotage/blow up state buildings, not to take lives, to set bombs

60
Q

uMkhonto weSizwe Specific targets

A
  • Power stations
  • Police stations
  • Government posts
  • Machines
61
Q

Rivonia Trial

A
  • Government’s stance didn’t change, by 1963 Nelson Mandela & rest of ANC leadership had been arrested & charged with trying to overthrow government (treason)
  • 8 men including Nelson Mandela received life sentence and were imprisoned on Robben Island
62
Q

Was called Rivonia trial because

A

Nelson Mandela & rest of ANC leadership’s headquarters had been at Rivonia, outside Johannesburg

63
Q

Movement

A

To change people’s mindset

64
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness

65
Q

Banning of ANC and PAC & its leadership lead to

A

The new movement Black Consciousness Movement to take lead in resisting the government but also developing the black culture, music and literature

66
Q

Leader of BCM

A

By 1968, Steve Biko a powerful speaker and founder of South African Students Organisations became leader of BCM

67
Q

Steve Biko

A
  • Travelled all over South Africa, encouraging black people not let white authorities treat them with disrespect
  • Embodied the idea of being proud to be black
  • Against violence & believed that moderate action would bring success
68
Q

1973

A

Biko was banned to is hometown, King Williams Town where he continued to work and helped set up a health centre

69
Q

August 1977

A

Biko was detained as a roadblock set up for him on the outskirts of Grahamstown.

70
Q

September 1977

A

26 days later Biko was dead (died from massive head injuries as a result of police cruelty) and died as a martyr

71
Q

SASO

A
  • Addressed problems facing black students
  • Aimed to develop black pride
72
Q

Result of Bantu Education

A

Black school children received an education that was inferior to that received by other racial groups

73
Q

Black schools

A
  • Did not have proper equipment
  • Teachers were inadequately trained
  • Classes were overcrowded
  • Mathematics and science were not emphasised
  • Government spent 15x more on white education than on black education
74
Q

By 1976

A

System of Bantu Education: created generation of bitter and angry young people

75
Q

1975

A

Department of Bantu Education decided to enforce a policy that half of subjects in black schools should be taught in Afrikaans

76
Q

Soweto Uprising

A

16 June 1976.
- About 15000 students marched towards Orlando Stadium to protest against the new law.
- About 300 policemen were rushed to Soweto to break up crowd
- First teargas was used then live ammunition
- Police opened fire but this brutal response only enflamed the crowd (2 protestors killed immediately, students responded by throwing stones)

77
Q

For 3 days after the Soweto Uprising

A

Students blocked the streets and stoned cars and burned government buildings

History (7 decks)

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