The history of English Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the main 3 invasions that developed the english dialect?

A

Germanic, Viking, Norman

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2
Q

When did these three groups arrive in england?

A

5th century AD

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3
Q

which four groups came from northern germany

A

Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians

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4
Q

what was previously spoken in the british isles?

A

Celtic

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5
Q

Where does the word English derive from?

A

The angles were named from engle, their language was called englisc which is where english comes from.

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5
Q

How long was old english around for?

A

until 11th century AD

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6
Q

what did the vocabulary of old english consist of?

A

an anglo saxon base with words borrowed from scandanavian languages + latin

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7
Q

why did old english end?

A

it could be said that old english ended due to the Norman conquest and the battle of Hastings

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8
Q

how does warfare help build english?

A

Giving us new terms and creating social and cultural links

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8
Q

what morphology was caused through the british arriving in different countries?

A

Borrowing

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9
Q

What was the first infection and when was it around?

A

The plague of Justinian which was during 541-549 AD

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10
Q

what was english during ancient time?

A

A backwater province of the crumbling roman empire

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11
Q

What aided to the massive cultural shift in the british isles?

A

The decimation of native population by the plague of justinian

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12
Q

How did the anglo saxons further colonise the british isles?

A

The native british were affected by the plague.

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13
Q

Did the anglo saxons trade with Europe during this time?

A

No, they provided for themselves through farming.

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14
Q

When did William the conquerer invade England?

A

1066

15
Q

until the arrival of the black death, what was the language used by the english courts, the english kings and the english laws?

A

French

15
Q

How much of English’s population died due to the black death?

A

About a quarter

16
Q

Why did french die out in england?

A

An insufficient number of speakers

17
Q

What is the significance on the black death of the english language?

A

King Edward proclaiming that courts would be in english and Englishmen climbing further up the social ranks.

18
Q

What were the significant transitions between english and their time periods?

A

600-1000 AD = Old english
1100-1400 AD = Middle English
1500-1750 AD = Early Modern English
1750-present = Modern English

18
Q

What was different to Old English compared to the other english periods

A

Old english had flexible syntax due to having multiple verbs, nouns and inflections.

19
Q

What is the most famous literary work in old English?

A

A piece by Beowulf, Composed between the 8th and 10th century AD

20
Q

Who was the most famous literary creator in Middle English?

A

Chaucer

21
Q

What did the english language gain during the period of Early Modern English?

A

Ten thousand words from greek and latin and the standardisation of english.

22
Q

Why is wuthering heights by emily bronte a notable literary work?

A

Because she was the first author to have proper dialect in her story.

23
Q

What did modern english give to the english language since 1900?

A

Many more words: Especially for science and technology

24
Q

What did the printing press do to change english?

A

Gave the motivation for a single english standard to occur
Mass communication
More people could own books

25
Q

What did the dictionary do for english?

A

Cemented standardisation

26
Q

What did the typewriter bring to English?

A

Speed and allowed individual ownership

27
Q

What did the internet do for english?

A

Global communication
Widespread of english
changes in communicative rules
effect on language standards
significant social change

28
Q

What are cognates?

A

Words similar in form and meaning because they’re historically related

29
Q

What is the comparative method and how is it used?

A

The comparative method is used by etymologists to study words from different languages to see if they are cognates by comparing them with each other.

30
Q

What is PIE?

A

Proto-indo european, the language tree

31
Q

What is etymology?

A

The history of words, when they entered a language, their source and their form.

32
Q

What are the 2 main methods that etymologists use when studying language?

A

The comparative method and philology

33
Q

What is false etymology?

A

Etymology that isn’t true

34
Q

What was the great vowel shift and what did it do?

A

The great vowel shift was a sound change that affected all the long vowels of english? It happened in 8 stages. The vowels shifted upwards in the mouth and moved the rest up too. If there was nowhere for the vowel to move “up” to, it became a diphthong

35
Q

What was the first germanic sound change/Grimms law?

A

Voiceless alveolar fricatives became voiceless alveolar stops.