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BIOL 3320 > The Heart Exam > Flashcards

The Heart Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which circuit is on the right side?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

What does the Pulmonary circuit do?

A

Carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and back to the heart

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3
Q

Which circuit is on the left side?

A

Systemic circuit

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4
Q

What does the Systemic circuit do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns to the heart

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5
Q

What part of the heart sends all the organs blood?

A

The aorta

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6
Q

What brings oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

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7
Q

How does deoxygenated blood go to the heart?

A

The inferior and superior venae cavae

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8
Q

What sends blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary trunk

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9
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

The top larger part

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10
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

The small end

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11
Q

What covers the heart?

A

Pericardium

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12
Q

What is the deepest layer of the heart?

A

The endocardium

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13
Q

What is the middle “meaty” layer of the heart?

A

The myocardium

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14
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

The epicardium

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15
Q

The little gap in the layer of pericardium is called?

A

The pericardial cavity

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16
Q

The pericardial cavity has two layers, what are they?

A

The fibrous layer and the serous layer

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17
Q

What’s the purpose of the pericardium?

A

Allows heart to beat without friction and room for expansion

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18
Q

What is the other name for epicardium?

A

The visceral pericardium

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19
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

The pericardial sac

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20
Q

What is the inflammation of the pericardium membrane called?

A

Pericarditis

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21
Q

What is another term for the myocardium?

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

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22
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Left and right atria, left and right ventricles

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23
Q

Which chambers are inferior?

A

the ventricles

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24
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

A

Main blood vessels for the right side going to the lungs (deoxygenated)

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25
Q

What chamber does the superior and inferior vena cava go to?

A

The right atria

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26
Q

What does systole mean?

A

contraction

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27
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

relaxed

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28
Q

What separates the atria?

A

The interatrial septum

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29
Q

What is the internal ridges of myocardium called?

A

Pectinate muscles

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30
Q

What separates the ventricles?

A

The interventricular septum

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31
Q

What are the ridges in the ventricles called?

A

Trabeculae carneae

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32
Q

What are the 3 and 2 muscles called in the ventricles?

A

Papillary muscles

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33
Q

What separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

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34
Q

What overlays the interventricular septum?

A

The interventricular sulcus

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35
Q

What are the two valves?

A

The Atrioventricular and Semilunar

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36
Q

What do the valves do?

A

Ensure one-way flow of blood through heart

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37
Q

What does the atrioventricular valve control blood flow between?

A

The atria and ventricles

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38
Q

What is the right AV valve?

A

The tricuspid valve

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39
Q

What is the left AV valve?

A

The mitral valve

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40
Q

What are the cords connective the AV valves to the papillary muscle?

A

The chordae tendineae

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41
Q

What does the semilunar valve control flow of?

A

Control flow into great arteries

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42
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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43
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve?

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

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44
Q

What valve is open when the ventricles relax? (Pressures drops inside the venticles?

A

The AV valve opens

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45
Q

What valve is open when the ventricles contract?

A

The Semilunar valve opens

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46
Q

How does the blood enter the heart at first?

A

In the right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae

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47
Q

Where does the blood go after the right atrium?

A

Through the right AV valve into the right ventricle

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48
Q

What causes the pulmonary valve to open?

A

Contraction of the right ventricle

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49
Q

Where does the blood go after the pulmonary trunk?

A

It gets oxygenated then returns through pulmonary veins in left atrium

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50
Q

Why is some of the blood pumped by the heart stay in the heart?

A

Because it goes through strenuous workload and needs oxygen and nutrients

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51
Q

What is the big blue vein on the back of the heart?

A

The coronary sinus

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52
Q

The aorta has two red veins go down the front, what are they called?

A

The Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

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53
Q

What compresses the coronary arteries and obstructs blood flow?

A

Contraction of the myocardium

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54
Q

What does the opening of the aortic vale during ventricular systole do to coronary arteries?

A

It blocks blood flow to the coronary arteries

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55
Q

What is the left coronary artery branch called?

A

The anterior interventricular branch

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56
Q

What is the circumflex branch?

A

A branch off the LCA

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57
Q

What is the right coronary artery branch called?

A

The right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch

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58
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

A constriction of the coronary arteries

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59
Q

What does the coronary artery disease do to blood flow?

A

There is build-up of fat in the arteries that constricts blood flow

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60
Q

What is Myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack

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61
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain from obstruction of coronary blood flow

62
Q

When is venous drainage?

A

5% to 10% coronary blood drains directly into the heart chambers

63
Q

What does the great cardiac vein do?

A

Collects blood from anterior portion of heart and empties into coronary sinus

64
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein do?

A

Also known as posterior interventricular, collects blood from posterior portion of the heart and drains into coronary sinus

65
Q

What does the left marginal vein do?

A

Empties into the coronary sinus

66
Q

What three veins empty blood into the coronary sinus?

A

The great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular), and the left marginal vein

67
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty blood

A

Into the right atrium

68
Q

What are glycogen?

A

Sugar storage to help with making atp

69
Q

What are cardiocytes?

A

Striated, thick cells with one central nucleus and glycogen

70
Q

What repairs damage to cardiac muscle?

A

Fibrosis

71
Q

What holds cardiocytes together?

A

Intercalated disc and gap junctions

72
Q

What are cardiac muscles rich in?

A

Myoglobin and glycogen

73
Q

What fill up 25% of the cardiac muscle cells?

A

Huge mitochondria

74
Q

What are the cardiac muscle cells most vulnerable to?

A

Oxygen deficiency

75
Q

What makes the cardiac muscle cells different from other muscles?

A

Fatigue resistant

76
Q

What is known as the internal pacemaker

A

The Sinotrial node (SA)

77
Q

What is the first step of the conduction system?

A

The SA node fires

78
Q

What does the SA node firing do?

A

Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium

79
Q

What happens after the SA node fires?

A

The AV node fires

80
Q

What spreads the AV node excitation?

A

The Purkinje fibers

81
Q

What do the sympathetic nerves do to the heart rate?

A

Increases

82
Q

What do the parasympathetic nerves do to the heart rate?

A

Decreases

83
Q

What is the other name for the parasympathetic nerve?

A

The vagus nerve

84
Q

What region fires if the SA node is damaged?

A

The Ectopic focus

85
Q

What region fires if the SA node and the ectopic focus are damaged?

A

The nodal rhythm which is set by the AV node

86
Q

True or false: The SA node has a stable resting membrane potential?

A

False

87
Q

What does the SA node start at?

A

-60 mV

88
Q

What is pacemaker potential?

A

Gradual depolarization

89
Q

What causes the -60 mV to drift upwards?

A

Slow Na inflow

90
Q

What happens when it reaches a threshold of -40 mV?

A

Voltage-gated fast Ca and Na channels open

91
Q

What happens at 0 mV?

A

K channels open to let K out of the cell

92
Q

What causes repolarizaiton?

A

The K channels opening

93
Q

When does the pacemaker potential start over?

A

When K channels close

94
Q

What does the SA node fire do?

A

Sets off heartbeat

95
Q

How much Na goes out and K go in?

A

3Na outside and 2K inside

96
Q

What are the steps of the electrical behavior of the myocardium?

A
  1. Na gates open
  2. Rapid depolarization
  3. Na gates close
  4. Slow Ca channels open
  5. Ca channels close and K channels open (Repolarization)
97
Q

What is the electrocardiogram?

A

Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cell detected

98
Q

What is the P wave?

A

When the SA node fires and atria depolarize

99
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

100
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

Ventricular systole

101
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization and relaxation

102
Q

What is heart block?

A

Failure to conduction system to conduct

103
Q

What is premature ventricular contraction?

A

Extra beats due to the ectopic focus

104
Q

What is valvular insufficiency?

A

Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux

105
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

When one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction.

106
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse caused by?

A

Hereditary

107
Q

What is S1 sound “lubb” caused by?

A

AV valves closing

108
Q

What is S2 sound “dupp” caused by?

A

Semilunar valves closing

109
Q

What is ventricular filling?

A

When the ventricles expand and their pressures drops below the atria

110
Q

What valve opens during ventricular filling?

A

The AV valve

111
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume during ventricular filling?

A

130 mL of blood

112
Q

What does the atria do during ventricular filling?

A

they contract

113
Q

What does the atria do during isovolumetric contraction?

A

They relax

114
Q

What valves are open during isovolumetric contraction?

A

Neither

115
Q

When sound is during isovolumetric contraction?

A

S1

116
Q

How much blood is changed during isovolumetric contraction?

A

Zero

117
Q

When does ventricular ejection begin?

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and semilunar valves open?

118
Q

What is the stroke volume during Ventricular ejection?

A

70 mL

119
Q

How do you find ESV?

A

ESV = EDV - SV

120
Q

When do semilunar valves close?

A

During isovolumetric relaxation

121
Q

What sound is heard during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

S2

122
Q

What does EDV stand for?

A

The end- diastolic volume

123
Q

Was does ESV stand for?

A

The end- systolic volume

124
Q

What is Congestive Heart failure?

A

Failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

125
Q

What does left ventricular failure cause?

A

Blood goes into the lungs causing pulmonary edema

126
Q

What does right ventricular failure cause?

A

Blood backs up into the vena cava causing systemic or generalized edema

127
Q

What is CO formula?

A

CO = heart rate x stroke volume

128
Q

What is the cardiac output normally?

A

4 to 6 L/min

129
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

The difference between someone’s maximum and resting CO

130
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm

131
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Resting adult heart rate less than 60 bpm

132
Q

What are positive chronotropic agents?

A

Factors that raise heart rate

133
Q

What are negative chronotropic agents?

A

Factors that lower heart rate

134
Q

What is vagal tone?

A

Holds down the heart rate to 70-80 bpm

135
Q

What area regulates heart rate?

A

The medulla oblongata

136
Q

What does the vagus nerve do to the heart rate?

A

It decreases it

137
Q

What does cutting the vagus nerve do to the heart rate?

A

It increases it

138
Q

What are the baroreceptors

A

They are pressure sensors in aorta

139
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the internal carotid

140
Q

What three variables govern stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, and afterload

141
Q

What does increased preload do?

A

Increase stroke volume

142
Q

What does increase contractility do?

A

Increase stroke volume

143
Q

What does increase afterload do?

A

Decrease stroke volume

144
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts

145
Q

What is the Frank-starling law?

A

That stroke volume is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

146
Q

What does hypercalcemia do to contractions?

A

It causes stronger prolonged contractions

147
Q

What does hypocalcemia do to contractions?

A

It causes weak and irregular heartbeat

148
Q

What is afterload?

A

Sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle

149
Q

What valve does the afterload oppose to the opening of?

A

The semilunar valves

150
Q

What is Cor pulmonale?

A

Right ventricular failure due to obstructed pulmonary circulation

151
Q

What does increased muscular activity cause?

A

Increases preload and cardiac output which increases the stroke volume

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

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