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BIOL 3320 > Exam 5 - Endocrinology > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

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2
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

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3
Q

What are Paracrines?

A

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that ravel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs

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5
Q

What cells are affected by hormones?

A

Only cells with receptors that respond to hormones

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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7
Q

What is endocrine glands?

A

Organs that are traditional sources of hormones

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8
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of other tissue or organ

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9
Q

How does the nervous system react and stop?

A

The nervous reacts quickly and stops quickly

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10
Q

How does the endocrine react and stop?

A

Reacts slowly and effects may continue for days or longer

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11
Q

How does the nervous system adapt to long-term stimuli?

A

Response declines (adapts quickly)

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12
Q

How does the endocrine system adapt to long-term stimuli?

A

Its responses persists (adapts slowly)

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13
Q

What is the area of effect of the nervous system?

A

Targeted and specific (one organ)

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14
Q

What is the area of effect of the endocrine system?

A

The general, widespread effects (many organs)

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15
Q

What are target organs or cells?

A

Those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormones and can respond to it

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16
Q

What chemical functions as both hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

How does the nervous system communitcate?

A

Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters

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18
Q

How does the endocrine system communicate?

A

Hormones

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19
Q

How does the nervous system send neurotransmitters?

A

It releases them at synapses at specific target cells

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20
Q

How does the endocrine system release hromones?

A

It releases them into bloodstream for general distribution throughout body

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21
Q

What is the hypothalamus shaped like and what is its function?

A

A flattened funnel; it regulates primitive functions

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22
Q

What is adenohypophysis?

A

The anterior pituitary

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23
Q

What is neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary

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24
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

A stalk called the infundibulum

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25
How much does the anterior lobe consist of the pituitary?
3/4
26
How is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?
The hypophyseal portal system
27
What is ACTH?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
28
Where is ACTH released?
Anterior pituitary
29
What is ADH?
Antidiuretic hormone
30
Where is ADH released?
Posterior pituitary
31
Where is CRH released?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
32
Where is CRH released?
The hypothalamus
33
What hormone does CRH release and where?
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
34
What is EPO?
Erythropoietin
35
Where is EPO released?
Kidneys, liver
36
What is FSH?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
37
Where is FSH released?
Anterior Pituitary
38
What is GH?
Growth Hormone
39
Where is GH released?
Anterior Pituitary
40
What is GHRH?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
41
Where is GHRH released?
Hypothalamus
42
What is GnRH?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
43
Where is GnRH released?
Hypothalamus
44
What is LH?
Luteinizing hormone
45
Where is LH released?
Anterior pituitary
46
What is OT?
Oxytocin
47
Where is OT released?
Posterior pituitary
48
What is PIH?
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
49
Where is PIH released?
Hypothalamus
50
What is PRL?
Prolactin
51
Where is PRL released?
Anterior pituitary
52
What is TRH?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
53
Where is TRH released?
Hypothalamus
54
What is TSH?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
55
Where is TSH released?
Anterior pituitary
56
How many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus? How many go to anterior and how many go to posterior?
8 hormones, 6 anterior and 2 posterior
57
What hormones are released by TRH?
TSH and PRL
58
What hormones are released by CRH?
ACTH
59
What hormones are released by GNRH?
FSH and LH
60
What hormones are released by GHRH?
GH
61
What does PIH do?
Inhibit secretion of prolactin
62
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibit secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
63
What are the two gonadotropin hormones that target gonads?
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone)
64
What does FSH do?
Secretion of ovarian sex hormones, ovarian follicles, and sperm production
65
What does LH do?
Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, and stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
66
What does TSH do?
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
67
What does ACTH do?
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
68
What does PRL do?
After birth, stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk
69
What does GH do?
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation
70
What does ADH do?
Increases water retention, reducing urine volume, and preventing dehydration. Can cause vasoconstriction
71
What does OT do?
It is released during sexual arousal and orgasm, also stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, stimulates flow of milk during lactation
72
What is negative feedback?
Increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones
73
What is IGF_I?
Insulin-like growth factors
74
What does IGF-I do?
Prolongs the action of GH
75
How long is the half-life of GH with and without IGF-I?
It is originally 6 to 20 mins, with it its 20 hours
76
What does GH in the liver do?
It increases protein synthesis, Increases lipid metabolism, Increases carbohydrate metabolism, and helps electrolyte balance
77
Where is the pineal gland?
Attached to the roof of the third ventricle beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum.
78
What does the pineal gland do?
Synthesizes melatonin from serotonin
79
What hormones does the thymus secrete?
Thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin
80
What do the hormones from the thymus do?
Stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes
81
What is important about the thyroid gland?
Largest gland that is purely endocrine
82
What are thyroid follicles?
Sacs that make up most of thyroid, contains protein-rich colloid
83
What are follicular cells?
Simple cuboidal epithelium that lines follicles
84
What hormones does the thyroid gland release?
Thyroxine, tetraiodothyronine, and triiodothyronine
85
What do the hormones released by the thyroid gland do?
They increase metabolic rate and growth hormone secretion. They contain parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin
86
Why do the thyroid hormones secrete calcitonin?
They release it with right blood calcium, it stimulates blood formation in children
87
Where are the parathyroid glands?
Four glands embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland
88
What hormones does the parathyroid gland secrete?
The parathyroid hormone
89
What does the PTH hormone do?
Increases blood calcium levels by synthesis of calcitriol and increases absorption of calcium.
90
Where are the adrenal glands?
Small glands that sit on top of each kidney
91
What are the two things that the adrenal glands do?
They are an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system
92
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
93
What does the zona glomerulosa release and what does it do?
Mineralocorticoids so aldosterone that stimulates Na retention and K excretion
94
What does the zona fasciculata release and what does it do?
Glucocorticoids in response to ACTH, it regulate metabolism of glucose
95
What is the example of the glucocorticoid?
Cortisol and corticosterone that stimulate fat and protein catabolism
96
What is secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis?
Sex steroids. Androgens have a large role in prenatal male development (DHEA) and the formation of characteristics of puberty. Also, estradiol that is important after menopause
97
What of the parts of the pancreatic islets are exocrine and endocrine?
The pancreas is 99% exocrine but the end of its tail is the 1% endocrine
98
What is glucagon?
Secreted by A or alpha cells in the pancreas
99
What does glucagon do?
It is released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
100
How is insulin secreted?
By B or beta cells in the pancreas
101
What does insulin do?
It is secreted during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
102
What is a lack of insulin called?
Diabetes mellitus
103
What are the exocrine products of the ovaries and testes?
Eggs and sperm
104
What are the endocrine products of ovaries and testes?
Gonadal hormones, mostly steroids
105
What are the ovarian hormones?
Estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin
106
What are the testicular hormones?
Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin
107
What secretes progesterone?
The corpus luteum after ovulation for 12 days
108
What secretes inhibin?
Follicle and corpus luteum
109
What are the functions of estradiol and progesterone?
Development of female reproductive system and regulates menstrual cycle
110
What does inhibin do?
Suppresses FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
111
Where is testosterone and other steroids released?
Interstitial cells between tubules
112
What does testosterone do?
Stimulates development of male reproductive system and sustains sperm production
113
Where is inhibin released?
Sustentacular cells
114
Why does inhibin limit FSH secretion in males?
To regulate sperm production
115
What is hyposecretion?
Inadequate hormone release
116
What does hypersecretion of GH do?
Acromegaly which is the thickening of bone, causes gigantism
117
What does hyposecretion of GH cause?
Dwarfism
118
What is hypoparathyroidism?
IT is a surgical excision during thyroid surgery; can kill the person do to decrease in blood calcium level
119
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Excess PTH secretion that causes parathyroid tumor, bones become soft
120
What is Diabetes mellitus?
Inaction of insulin, can cause polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
121
What is used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin injections
122
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?
It is caused by insulin resistance
123
What is used to treat type 2?
Weight-loss and exercise
124
What is pathogenesis?
Cells cannot absorb glucose and rely on fat and proteins for energy needs
125
What is chronic pathology?
Chronic hyperglycemia which leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

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