Blood and Blood Vessel Exam Flashcards
How much blood does an adult have?
4-6 L
What is plasma?
Matrix of blood, it is a clear light yellow fluid.
What are formed elements?
Blood cells and cell fragments
What are the 3 formed elements?
RBC, WBC, and platelets
What is the other name of RBC?
Erythrocytes
What are platelets?
Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow
What is the other name for WBC?
Leukocytes
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What are the 3 Granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
What are the 2 Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What is Hematocrit?
Centrifuge blood to separate components
What does the tube of blood after centrifuge look like?
The bottom of the erythrocytes is around 45%, then there is a buffy coat that is leukocytes and platelets, and then the top is the plasma which is around 50%
What does it mean when you have an increased hematocrit? What about a decreased one?
Increased hematocrit means an increase in erythrocytes in blood and a decreased hematocrit means a decrease in erythrocytes in blood
What is serum?
The remaining fluid in plasma when blood clots and solids are romoved
What makes serum different from plasma?
Serum is identical except it does not have fibrinogen
What is albumins?
Smallest and most abundant plasma protein
What is fibrinogen?
Precursor of fibrin threads that help from blood clots
Where are plasma proteins formed?
Formed in the liver
What is viscosity?
Resistance of a fluid to flow
What is osmolarity?
The total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall
What does it mean if the osmolarity is too high?
Blood absorbs too much water and it increases blood pressure
What does it mean if the osmolarity is too low?
Too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure decreases
What is Hypoproteinemia?
A deficiency of plasma proteins
What is hemopoiesis?
Production of blood
Where is hemopoiesis formed?
In the red bone marrow
What are the two functions of erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues and pickup CO2 from tissues to bring to the lungs
What does erythrocytes lack compared to a normal cell?
Mitochondria and nucleus
How many protein chains does adult hemoglobin have?
4, 2 alpha and 2 beta
How many protein chains does fetal hemoglobin have?
4, 2 alpha and 2 gamma
What is at the center of a heme group?
iron
What are the erythrocyte production steps?
Starts as a stem cell, then goes through a colony-forming unit which goes to erythroblast then removes its nucleus to a reticulocyte. Once it matures it is an erythrocyte
What is iron stored as in the liver?
Ferritin
What is hypoxemia?
Inadequate O2 transportation which causes a drop in RBC
What is secreted to fix the hypoxemia?
Erythropoietin
What increase erythropoiesis?
Low O2 levels, high altitude, and increase in exercise
Where do RBC die?
In the spleen
What are the two ways a RBC are broken down?
Heme or Globins
What does a Heme RBC breakdown mean?
It goes into bilirubin and iron. The bilirubin is removed by the liver and secreted.
What does a Globins RBC breakdown mean?
Turned into amino acids
What is Polycythemia?
An excess of RBC
What can cause polycythemia?
Cancer of cell line in red bone marrow or dehydration
What is anemia?
Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
What are the three potential consequences of anemia?
Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, blood osmolarity is reduced, or blood viscosity is low
How does one get the Sickle-Cell Disease?
Hereditary
What does the sickle-cell disease do to RBC?
clump together and block small blood vessels
What are RBC antigens called?
Agglutinogens
What are RBC antibodies called?
Agglutinins
Where are antibodies found?
In plasma
If you are blood type A, what antibodies do you have?
B antibodies
What happens if you get the wrong blood type?
Your antibodies to that blood with connect and clog your vessels
What antigen does O have?
none
What is the most common blood type?
OW
What is the rarest blood type?
AB
What is the universal donor?
O
What is the universal receiver?
AB
What differs between Rh- and Rh+?
Rh- can only receive Rh- blood while Rh+ can receive both Rh- and Rh+
What is hemolytic disease?
If a Rh- mother has formed antibodies and is pregnant with a second child that is Rh+
What are lysosomes?
nonspecific granules in all WBC
Describe Neutrophils
three to five-lobed nucleus and barely visible granules. 60-70%
Describe Eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus and large rosy-orange granules. 2-4%
Describe Basophils
S-shaped nucleus and large, abundant, violet granules. <1%
Describe Lymphocytes
Uniform dark violet nucleus with a variable amount of bluish cytoplasm. 25-33%
Describe Monocytes
Largest WBC. horseshoe-shaped nucleus. 3-8%
What do neutrophils do in the body?
Increase numbers in bacterial infection
What do eosinophils do in the body?
Increase numbers in parasitic infections
What do basophils do?
Increase numbers in chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes
What do lymphocytes do?
Increase numbers in diverse infections and immune responses. It destroys cancer, foreign cells, and secretes antibodies, and provides immune memory.
What do monocytes do?
Increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation
What is leukopoiesis?
Production of white blood cells
What does myeloblast form?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What does monoblast form?
Monocytes
What does lymphoblast form?
All forms of lymphocytes
What is leukopenia?
Low WBC count
What is Leukocytosis?
High WBC count
What is the complete blood count?
It the hematocrit, total counts of RBC, WBC, and platelets
What are platelets?
small fragments of megakaryocyte cells
What are platelet functions?
Reduce blood loss, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, and initiate the formation of clot-dissolving enzymes.
Where are megakaryocytes?
In the bone marrow
What are the steps in hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, then coagulation
What is vascular spasm?
Prompt constriction of a broken vessel, is protective against blood lost.
What is Platelet plug formation?
Platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessels and other platelets to draw together a plug.
What is coagulation?
The last and most effective defense against bleeds is where fibrin threads form the framework of clots by conversion of fibrinogen.
What is the extrinsic pathway?
Tissue damage releases thromboplastin/factor 3. It activates factor 10
What is the intrinsic pathway?
Platelets release factor 7 which activates factor 10
hat does Factor 10 activate?
Prothrombin activation which goes into the cycle of making fibrin from prothrombin or fibrinogen in the liver.
Which pathway has fewer steps?
The extrinsic pathway
What is required for both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
Calcium
What is thrombin dilution?
Rapidly flowing blood to stop inappropriate clotting.
What is Hemophilia?
Family of hereditary diseases that are sex-linked. A is missing factor 8 (most common) and B is missing factor 9
What is hematomas?
masses of clotted blood in the tissues
What is Thrombosis?
Abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels.
What is Thrombus?
A clot that occurs in leg veins
What is pulmonary embolism?
Clot that could break free and travel from veins to lungs
What is Embolus?
Anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels
What is infraction?
Tissue death may occur if a clot blocks the blood supply and can cause MI or stroke.
What are artereis?
They carry blood away from heart
What are veins?
They carry blood back to heart
What are capillaries?
Connect smallest arteries to smallest veins
What are the three walls of arteries and veins?
Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
What is tunica interna?
Lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood, made up of endothelium and a permeable barrier that secretes chemicals
What is the tunica media?
The middle layer is smooth muscle, collage, and elastic tissue. It strengthens vessels and regulates diameter.
What is tunica externa (adventitia)?
The outermost layer is the loose connective tissue that anchors the vessel.
What is vasa vasorum?
Small vessels that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels
Describe conducting arteries
The biggest arteries such as the aorta and pulmonary trunk. They have a layer called internal elastic lamina between interna and media. Also an external elastic lamina between the media and externa. Expand during systole and recoil during diastole
Describe distributing arteries
Medium arteries that distribute blood to specific organs. The wall thickness is mainly smooth muscle layers
Describe Resistance arteries
smallest arteries that control the amount of blood to various organs. It has a thicker tunica media and very little tunica externa
What are metarterioles?
Short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries
What is aneurysm?
Weak point in artery or heart wall
What do carotid sinuses do?
Also known as baroreceptors, monitor blood pressure through the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the two chemoreceptors?
Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
What are carotid bodies?
Oval bodies that branch off common carotids that monitor blood chemistry. Also adjust respiratory rate
What are aortic bodies?
Bodies in walls of aortic arch but innervation is by vagus nerve
What are capillaries?
exchange vessels that pass stuff between blood and tissue fluid
What are continuous capillaries?
Occur in most tissues that have tight junctions that allow passage of solutes
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Kidney and small intestine, require rapid absorption or filtration. Allows passage of only small molecules
What are sinusoid (discontinuous capillaries)?
Liver, bone marrow, and spleen. Irregular blood-filled spaces that allow proteins, clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter
What are capillary beds?
Networks of 10-100 capillaries. They are supplied by a single arteriole
What happens at the distal end of capillary beds?
The capillaries transition to venules or drain into thoroughfare channel
Where is most of your blood at any given time?
In your veins
What are postcapillary venules?
The smallest veins exchange fluid with surrounding tissues. It has a tunica interna with few fibroblasts.
What are muscular venules?
up to 1 mm in diameter, has 1 to 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica. thin tunica externa
What are medium veins?
up to 10 mm in diameter. Has a thin tunica media and thick tunica exerna. The tunica interna forms venous valves
What is Varicose veins?
When blood pools in lower legs of people who stand for long periods stretching the veins
What are hemorroids?
Varicose veins of the anal canal
What are venous sinuses?
Veins with thin walls and large lumens. No smooth muscle
What are large veins?
Diameter larger than 10 mm. Some smooth muscle in all 3 tunics. The tunica externa is the thickest layer and there is a thin tunica media.
What is the simplest circulatory route?
Heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins
What is the portal system?
Blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart
What is anastomosis?
Convergence point between two vessels other than capillaries
What is arteriovenous anastomosis?
Artery flows directly into vein, bypassing capillaries
What is venous anastomosis?
Most common when one vein empties directly into another
What is arteria lanastomosis?
Two arteries merge and provides alternative routes of blood
What is perfusion?
The flow per given volume of mass of tissue in a given time
What is the total blood flow?
equal to cardiac output (5.25 L/min)
What is pressure and blood flow relationships?
The increase of pressure then the blood flow increases
What is resistance and blood flow relationship?
The increase of the resistance then the decrease of blood flow
What is normal blood pressure?
120/75 mm Hg
What is blood pressure?
The force that blood exerts against a vessel wall
What is Arteriosclerosis?
Stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls
What is Atherosclerosis?
Build up of lipid deposits that become plaques
What is hypertension?
Chronic high blood pressure (140/90)
What is hypotension?
Chronic low resting blood pressure (90/60)
What is blood pressure determined by?
cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance to flow
What increases viscosity?
RBC count and albumin
What decreases viscosity?
anemia
What does an increased vessel length do?
It encounters more cumulative friction. It decreases pressure and flow
What is the most significant way of controlling resistance?
Vessel radius
What is the most powerful influence over flow?
Vessel radius
What is vasoconstriction?
When smooth muscle of tunica media contracts
What is vasodilation?
Relaxation of the smooth muscle
Does blood velocity decrease or increase from aorta to capillaries?
Decrease because it is a greater distance and smaller radii which cause greater resistance
Does blood velocity decrease or increase from capillaries to vena cava?
Increases because less resistance to bigger veins
What have the most control of peripheral resistance and flow?
Arterioles
What is local control?
autoregulation where tissues regulate their own blood supply
What are vasoactive chemicals?
Substances secreted by platelets and cells to stimulate vasomotor responses
What does angiotensin II do?
Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure
What does atrial natriuretic peptide do?
Lowers blood volume and pressure, promotes vasodilation
What does ADH do?
Promotes water retention and raises BP
What do Epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
The alpha ones vasoconstrictor while beta vasodilator
What is capillary exchange?
Two way movement of fluid across capillary walls
What are the mechanisms used for capillary exchange?
Diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, and reabsorption
What does diffusion do?
The most important exchange; is when the solute can permeate the membranes or find passages large enough to pass. Lipid and water-soluble, no large particles
What does transcytosis do?
Pick up material on one side and discharge material on other side
What does blood hydrostatic pressure do?
Drives fluid out of capillary, high on arterial end and low on venous
What does colloid osmotic pressure do?
Draws fluid into capillary, results from albumin
What is oncotic pressure?
The net COP (Blood COP - Tissues COP)
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid
How much does capillaries reabsorb?
85%
What does the leftover 15% go?
Absorbed by the lymphatic system that returns it to the blood
What is edema?
Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue
What is venous return?
The flow of blood back to the heart
What are the mechanisms of venous return?
Pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump in limbs, thoracic pump, and cardiac suction
What does exercise do to venous return?
It increases it by increasing CO and BP
What causes venous pooling?
inactivity because there is not enough force to push blood upward
What is typertension?
The most common cardiovascular disease. Damages heart by increasing afterload
